A Range of Answers Possible Including

Chapter 2 Answers

Population

Pages 38-39

A range of answers possible including:

•Countries have to plan ahead to have enough e.g. housing, schools, health services, pensions etc.

•Demand for food, water, energy and other resources need to be met

•To compare places

Students need to pick up the obvious link between (named) sparsely populated regions e.g. deserts (Sahara), polar regions (Antarctica - though cannot be seen on this map is shown in Fig 2) and places with extreme climates or steep, high mountainous areas. Also(named) densely populated regions and the physical geography of where they are located.

Most populous top ten not on map =Indonesia, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Russia.

Largest top ten, not in most populous list = Mexico, Germany, UK

Pages 40-41

They are much easier to compare e.g. the absolute number for births in one year for a country total cannot easily be compared in terms of increase in birth rate as it does not account for the existing population total. By using a relative number e.g. a percentage or per 1000 of the population, it is easy to see the real speed of growth and compare this to another country.

•Netherlands (4):

•China (3):

•Indonesia (3/4):

•USA (4):

•Haiti (2):

•Russia (3/4):

•Bangladesh (2):

STUDENT CHOICE

Birth rate falls below death rate plus examples why e.g. people having fewer children

Pages 42-43

Usually divided into these groups:

•0-14 years = young dependents (children)

•15-64 years = economically active (working)

•65+ years = elderly dependents (retired/no working)

This is useful because it is economically active who provide a country’s wealth and pay taxes to help support the two groups of dependents

(i)In Figure 1 they are in 5 year bands or intervals; in Figure 3 data for each year is plotted.

(ii)It is more accurate and easier to see and explain (sometimes short-term) changes from year to year.

STUDENT RESEARCH / ATLAS WORK

Pages 44-45

•1-2 billion = 105 years; 2-3 = 35 years; 3-4 = 15 years; 5-6 years = 12 years; 7-8 = 20 years (estm); 8-9 = 25 years (estm)

•Bar graph would be most appropriate

•Time taken to increase by 1 billion became increasingly more rapid from 1820 to 2010. It is estimated to start to slow down between 2010 and 2055

•Asia: decrease by just over 7%

•Europe: decrease by 13.5% (2/3rd current proportion)

•Africa: increase by 10% (doubled)

•S and C America: increase by 5% (trebled)

•N America: increase by 4% (quadrupled)

•Oceania: increase by 0.3% (more than doubled)

May include:

(i)lack of resources; overcrowding; poverty; food shortages; unemployment

(ii)insufficient number of workers; economy suffers; possibly an ageing population (high demand on resources).

Pages 46-47

Examples given may vary considerably

•Permanent: Suriname and Indonesia to the Netherlands

•Temporary: people from Montserrat to Antigua or the UK

•Economic/labour: Poland to the UK

•Refugee: from Syria to Jordan and other neighbouring countries

It does not take migration into account. Net migration rate also needs to be factored in = the difference between the number moving in (in-migration) and the number moving out (out-migration)

•By bringing different traditions to the new country

•Marrying partners in the host country

•Opening their own shops and businesses

•Children mixing in school

Pages 48-49

The graph shows steady growth from 1900 to 1960. Growth between 1970 and 2000 slows down, especially after 2000. After this time growth is predicted to slow down, with very small increases of about 0.5 million every ten years until 2043. At some point between 2043 and 2053 the population total is expected to start to fall.

It is important to know the structure because it is just one group, the economically active or working group, who earn money to keep the economy growing and pay taxes to help support the young and elderly dependents. It also helps a country decide what facilities are needed e.g. schools, hospitals, care homes etc.

Examples will vary.

1950 = stage 3. Still quite pyramid shape, with a clear increase in births at the base (baby boom!)

2013 = stage 4. Becoming narrower at the base and wider towards the middle/top. A gradually ageing population.

Pages 50-51

Problems:

•Less workers to fill jobs/pay taxes/ earn money for the economy/fund pensions

•More care homes and health facilities needed

•Appropriate housing and social facilities needed

Solutions:

•Raise pension/retirement age / work longer; incentivise couples to have more children. Attract more migrant workers

•Increase taxes (not popular!)

•Change in type of housing and community facilities being built

•More women work, so marry later and have fewer children – many only want one

•Family planning/birth control widely available. Can choose when to have children

•Both parents usually work – become used to joint income/good lifestyle: having children is expensive = change in lifestyle

STUDENT RESEARCH / OWN ANSWERS and RESULTS

Page 52

If girls are educated they often:

•Want/have a career

•Marry later so have less children

•Are aware of and take advantage of family planning

If they are empowered – have equal rights, can vote, have a choice when to have children etc. – many choose to have a small family.

Pages 53-55

There is a clear link between extreme climate/mountains/deserts and sparsely populated regions. Students should explain these links – better answers will give a variety of named landscapes, climates and named locations.

To try reduce birth rates and keep a rapidly growing population to under 1.2 billion by 2000

Advantages:

•By reducing and slowing the growth rate, food and other resources would not be in short supply

•Space in urban areas was very limited – smaller families were easier to house

Disadvantages:

•Families valued boys more highly than girls – if the first born was a girl they may be abandoned

•There was pressure to have an abortion if the baby was a girl – sometimes women were forced into this

•This led to a gender imbalance in the ratio of boys to girls – the policy created a 118:100 ratio in favour of boys

•With only one child, it became difficult for them to care for two sets of elderly parents

The One Child Policy

Imbalance caused because many parents favoured boys who would look after them in old age and, in rural areas, work the land. This led to girls being aborted or abandoned leading to a gender imbalance of 118 boys to 100 girls.

(i)In 1970 the population structure showed was a classis pyramid shape, apart from a smaller number in the 10-14 age group. By 2010 the structure had changed, with a gradual decrease in the numbers between 0-19 (the result of the One Child Policy – though students have not been asked to give reasons). There are also people over 85 years old

(ii)By 2025 estimates show a ‘bulge’ in the structure at ages 30-59. Numbers in age groups 5-29 are all about the same, with slightly less in the bottom 0-4 group. The number of elderly (over 65) is expected to have grown significantly.

(iii)By 2050 estimates show a more top-heavy structure, especially above 59 years. Numbers are fairly consistent, below 49 years – an almost straight-sided shape, narrowing slightly between 0-19 years. It shows an ageing population.

Pages 56-57

4 main reasons – examples given by students will vary

•Poverty e.g. many LDCs in Sub-Saharan Africa

•Conflict e.g. Syria

•Natural hazards e.g. Haiti

•Diseases and epidemics e.g. Haiti, Sub-Saharan Africa

Good answers will have clear explanations and current examples

For any of the four reasons given for Q1. This can cause problems if there are not enough economically active people (workers)to support the rest of the population or to earn money for the country.

STUDENT CHOICE / RESEARCH / OPEN ANSWER

Pages 58-59

•Constant danger to life from guns, shells and explosives

•Houses and business destroyed

•Basic essentials – food, water, shelter, schools, hospital etc. all difficult to find/access

•Millions have fled abroad or are IDPs

•Overwhelmed by the number of refugees arriving (daily) – need food, water and shelter

•Many with high level needs – badly injured, traumatised, orphaned children

•Cost to host country and pressure on its own resources

STUDENT CHOICE / OPEN ANSWER