I Post-Civil War South

Name___________________

Date___________________

Period________

I Post-Civil War South

1. Following the end of the Civil War in 1865, the US took steps to help newly freed slaves gain equal rights.

2. The _________ amendment made slavery illegal, the _____________ granted former-slaves _______________, and the ___________ amendment gave African-American men the right to _____________.

3. When __________________ ended in the South in 1877 and federal troops left the area, blacks began to lose the rights they had gained.

4. Some southern states instituted a _________ _________ which required people to pay a special tax before they could vote. Because many African-Americans were too poor after the war to afford the tax, this prevented them from voting.

5. States also used a ________________ test and the “___________ ________” which said that only men whose father or grandfather could vote before 1867 were allowed to vote, in order to stop black men from voting.

6. ______________________ - the legalized separation of blacks and whites in public places – was used to keep African-Americans subservient to whites. _______ __________ ___________ were used to enforce segregation. For example, separate railroad cars, water fountains, and rest rooms for blacks and whites.

7. In 1896, the case of _______________ v. _________________ was brought before the Supreme Court. Homer Plessy was an African-American who purchased a first class train ticket, but the railroad refused to let him ride in the first class car with whites because of state law. Plessy and his lawyers argued that this violated his ________ amendment right to _____________ treatment under the law. The court ruled that separate facilities were legal if the facilities were of equal quality. This became known as “______________ but ________________” and the court upheld legalized or _____ _____________ segregation.

8. Although the court said the facilities had to be equal, they often were not.

II Civil Right in the 1950’s

1. When soldiers returned home from WWII, many African Americans began asking for the government to help end unfair voting practices and the rise of the KKK.

2. In 1946, Truman organized a committee to investigate civil rights violation which found discrimination throughout the US and recommended federal action to help stop it. After several months, Truman banned segregation in the ____________ and banned discrimination in the hiring of federal employees.

3. The NAACP (_____________ _______________ for the ____________ of ______________ _______________) set out with other early civil rights leaders to end segregation. They began with targeting schools.

4. The NAACP set out to show that separate schools did not provide equal educations for black students. In many states, “black schools” were falling apart, lacked good teachers and appropriate materials, some only received “new” books after the white schools got rid of them.

5. _________________ ____________________, a lawyer for the NAACP, grouped a number of school segregation cases under the title ___________ v. ______________ of _______________ and argued the case before the Supreme Court. In May 1954, the Court ruled that segregation in public schools was illegal because separate facilities by their very nature are unequal. The ruling overturned the earlier case of ______________ v. _______________.

6. The Court also ordered schools to _________________ as quickly as possible, not only in the south, but in the north where _____ _____________ segregation had occurred as well.

7. In 1957, in Arkansas, the Little Rock school district decided to start by _____________ the high school and gradually work down to the elementary level. The district selected ________ outstanding black students, nicknamed the __________ _____________ ___________, to attend the all-white Central High School in the fall.

· As the start of school approached, white residents tried to stop the _________________. The ________________ of Arkansas called in the National Guard to prevent the black students from attending school.

· Eventually President ________________ had to send in federal troop to enforce _____________________. The soldiers followed the Little Rock Nine through the hall of the high school and escorted them to and from school each day.

· When the soldiers left, the Nine had to endure insults and abuse from white students.

· The governor closed schools the following year to avoid desegregation, but they were reopened in 1959 by court order.

8. Montgomery Bus Boycott

· In Montgomery, Alabama, almost all public facilities were segregated, including buses. White passengers would ride in front, black passengers in the back. If the white section was full, black passengers had to give up their seats to whites.

· On December 1, 1955, _____________ _____________ refused to give up her seat to a white passenger and was arrested.

· _______________ ______________ ___________, Jr. led the Montgomery Improvement Association which organized a _____________ of the city bus system.

· Almost all of the African-Americans in Montgomery supported the boycott and refuse to ride the buses. The organized carpools, raised money for gas, and walked or biked instead of taking the bus.

· In November 1956, after almost a year, the ___________ ___________ ruled that the segregated bus system was illegal.

· ________________ _______________ ___________, Jr. became an important new leader in the civil rights movement.

III Civil Rights in the 1960’s

1. Some groups used ______________, targeting segregated lunch counters and other businesses. Black students would sit at the “all white” section of the counter and ask to be served. After being denied, they would remain their all day.

2. Sit-ins were a form of _________________________________, in which the protesters would not use violence even for self-defense.

3. In 1960, the Supreme Court ruled that segregated facilities in bus stations were illegal but the practice continued anyway. A northern civil rights group tried to enforce desegregation through _____________ _____________ in which black and white riders would ride together on buses and use facilities reserved for the opposite race. Though they met with violence, they succeeded in getting segregation banned in interstate bus terminals.

4. In 1963, _________ organized a march in ________________, Alabama. As the 2,500 marchers moved through the city they were attacked by police dogs, shot with fire hoses, beaten, and jailed. The violence was caught on camera and Americans in the north were able to see for the first time the violence against men, women and children in the civil rights movement.

5. On August 28, 1963, about 200,000 people, both white and black, met at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, DC for the _____________ on _________________. ________________ gave his famous “____________________________” speech.

6. A few weeks later, the violence returned. A bombing of a black church in Birmingham killed four little girls. Less than a month later, JFK was assassinated.

7. Johnson signed the _______________________ of 1964, just after taking office that banned _____________ in public places, like restaurants and transportation facilities. It also prohibited discrimination by employers, unions, or universities with government contracts, on the basis of sex, color, creed, & national origin.

8. In the summer of 1964, college students traveled to Mississippi to help African-Americans register to vote. Many faced violence. Three disappeared and their bodies were found later, shot to death. This prompted the passing of the _____________ ______________________ of 1965, which gave the federal government the power to inspect voter registration procedures of each state.

9. ____________________ rejected integration and believed blacks had the right to defend themselves. He felt African-Americans should work for social and economic independence. The ____________________ movement had similar goals.

10. In the late 1960’s violent riots began to erupt in cities across America and in 1968 riots increased when ______________ was assassinated in Memphis, TN.

IV Rights for Others

1. During the 1960’s there was also a smaller movement to improve Hispanic-American rights led by _______________ __________________.

2. A new women’s movement began fueled by the book _________________________, written by ________________ ________________. The book questioned the role of women and led the formation of the _______________ ______________ for _________________ (NOW) which fought for women’s rights to pursue educational and career opportunities.

3. At the same time Native American Indians launched a movement to gain the rights and property granted to them by earlier treaties.

4. Throughout the 1960’s and 1970’s, there was also a push for the right of people with disabilities.