History of the 1600’s

I.  The Rise of Russian Power

  1. Kremlin in Moscow was the seat of government
  2. The end of feudal systems and small city states
  3. The beginning of the line of Tsars (Caesars)

i.  Ivan IV the Terrible (1533-1584)

1.  was known for his ruthlessness – murdering thousands

2.  he made the people slaves

ii.  Simeon Bekbulatovich (1574-1576)

iii.  Time of troubles – 1584-1613

1.  Feodor I (1584-1598)

2.  Boris Godunov (1598-1605)

3.  Feodor II (1605)

4.  Dimitri II (1605-1606)

5.  Vasili IV (1606-1610)

6.  Ladislaus IV (1610-1613)

iv.  Romanoff Family rule – they are going to reign until 1918

1.  Michael I (1613-1645)

2.  Aleksey I (1645-1676)

3.  Feodor III (1676-1682)

4.  Ivan V (1682-1696)

5.  Peter I the Great (1682-1725)

a.  had to co-rule with his brother Ivan and sister Sofia

b.  Sofia tried to overthrow Peter and she was exiled to a convent

c.  Ivan died in 1696 and Peter was sole ruler

d.  opened Russia up to the rest of the world

e.  brought a series of reforms that made Russia a major power in Europe

i.  engineers

ii.  shipbuilders

iii.  architects

iv.  craftsmen and merchants

f.  Russians were sent to Europe to get the best education

g.  He wanted to regain the Baltic Sea and Baltic trade

h.  Started the Northern War with Sweden which lasted 21 years which ended in 1721 – Russia was declared an empire

i.  St Petersburg was founded and became the capital of Russia and a major sea port for trade in Europe

j.  He changed Russia’s history

i.  Reorganized the government

ii.  Introduced a poll tax

iii.  Active foreign policy

iv.  Boosted manufacturing and trade

v.  Made a strong army and navy (he was a master shipbuilder)

II.  Ottoman Turks

a.  Turkish state in the Middle East

i.  Anatolia (Turkey)

ii.  part of Southwest Asia

iii.  North Africa

iv.  south-eastern Europe

b.  lasted from 14th to 20th centuries

c.  established by a tribe of Oghuz Turks in western Anatolia

i.  ruled by the Osmanli dynasty

ii.  was among the world's most powerful political entities in the 16th and 17th centuries

iii.  nations of Europe felt threatened by its steady advance through the Balkans

iv.  From 1517 onwards, the Ottoman Sultan was also the Caliph of Islam

v.  Ottoman Empire was from 1517 until 1922 (or 1924) synonymous with the Caliphate, the Islamic State.

d.  was founded by Osman I (hence the name Ottoman Empire)

e.  in 1453 sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople (in modern Turkish I˙stanbul) became the capital the state grew into a mighty empire

f.  defeated at the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the empire began a slow decline

g.  The Ottoman Empire was transformed into modern Turkey following World War I

i.  The Republic of Turkey was then founded on October 29, 1923 from remnants of the fallen empire

III.  France

  1. Henry of Navarre who became Henry IV (1589-1610)
  2. he was the first of the Bourbon line of French kings
  3. he became the first protestant king of France
  4. Henry IV was assassinated in 1610
  5. Louis XIII (1610-1643)
  6. takes control and is ruled over by Cardinal Richelieu
  7. once again control was taken over by the Catholic church
  8. King Louis XIV (1643-1715)
  9. Only 5 years old when Louis XIII died
  10. Young cardinal Mazarin ruled for the young king
  11. Outbreak of civil war
  12. put down and royal authority went unquestioned for many years
  13. Mazarin died in 1661 when Louis was 23
  14. He took over the affairs of state and no one questioned his ability
  15. Known for his pomp
  16. took an army of servants to oblige him
  17. 6 different groups of people attended to his rising every morning
  18. he chose the sun as a symbol of his reign – became known as the “Sun King”
  19. absolute ruler – “I am the state”
  20. established the first modern bureaucratic government
  21. bureau – means desk
  22. cratic – to govern
  23. government by men who sit at desks
  24. Had the Palace of Versailles built – completed 1688
  25. Louis worked to increase the economic resources of France so he would have a larger tax base
  26. Explorers
  27. Champlain 1608 – founded Quebec – first permanent French colony in America
  28. discovered Lake Champlain
  29. Louis sent out Jacques Marquette (a Jesuit missionary) and Louis Joliet a fur trader
  30. explored the central Mississippi River
  31. 1682 – Robert Cavalier de la Salle
  32. sailed all the way down the Mississippi
  33. called the area Louisiana
  34. Canada, Great Lakes, and Mississippi valley were called “New France”
  35. New France
  36. Canada
  37. Had a booming fur trade
  38. But never fully settled New France
  39. Political, economic, and religious restrictions to limit personal freedom kept people from moving to New France
  40. Huguenots
  41. Louis saw them as a threat
  42. He revoked the Edict of Nantes
  43. all Huguenot church buildings were to be destroyed
  44. no public or private worship services were allowed
  45. ministers who would not convert to Catholicism had to leave the country within 10 days or be put to death
  46. children born to Huguenot parents were to be baptized by Romanist priests and raised as Catholics
  47. Huguenots (except ministers) were forbidden to leave the country
  48. Thousands of them fled to other parts of Europe and even America
  49. perhaps a half a million protestants fled France
  50. these were the skilled craftsmen, sailors, soldiers, and officers
  51. Berlin, Germany attributes the arrival of the Huguenots to the beginning of their power and greatness
  52. many fled to America to help mold this country
  53. military expansion under Louis XIV
  54. increased the army from 100,000 to 400,000
  55. engaged in several wars with neighboring countries
  56. when he engaged Germany people saw him as a threat to Europe
  57. 1686 a coalition against France formed – League of Augsburg
  58. England, Dutch Republic, Holy Roman Empire, Germany
  59. 1688 – War of the League of Augsburg
  60. France was beaten and Louis signed the Treaty of Ryswick
  61. Louis was forced to go home

IV.  Spain

a.  Philip III (1598-1621)

i.  He became a victim of events that he could not change or control

ii.  He was forced to be controlled by outsiders

iii.  In 1599-1600 an epidemic plague claimed some 500,000 victims in Castile.

b.  Philip IV (1621-1665)

i.  a boy of 16

ii.  Spain rapidly lost the initiative.

iii.  Sunk out of the world powers

c.  Charles II (1665-1700)

i.  The house of Austria (Habsburg) came to an end with Charles’ death

V.  Holy Roman Empire

a.  Thirty Years War (1618-1648) - conflict between Protestants and Catholics and a power struggle within and between kingdoms

b.  Germany, the Holy Roman Empire, was fractured during the Thirty Years War into more than 300 separate states

c.  The Catholic, Austrian Habsburgs were the big losers during the Thirty Years War

d.  Any hope of centralizing Germany under their rule was lost

e.  Germany was divided on the basis of religion into Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists.

i.  The religion of the ruler determined the religion of the people

ii.  Austria remained Catholic

iii.  Prussia was Lutheran

iv.  Germany was split

VI.  England

  1. Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603)
  2. Mary Stuart (Mary Queen of Scots) gives up the throne to her son James VI (1567-1625)
  3. He later became known as King James I of England

c.  King James I (1603-1625)

i.  Until 1603 the English and Scottish Crowns were separate

ii.  Following the Accession of King James VI of Scotland (I of England) to the English Throne, a single monarch reigned in the United Kingdom.

iii.  Beginning of the Stuart line of kings

iv.  Gun Powder Plot (1605)

1.  Guy Fawkes and 7 other men plot to kill King James and destroy the parliament.

2.  Nov 5, 1605 James was to speak to parliament

3.  this way they could bring Catholicism back to England

4.  36 barrels of gunpowder

5.  iron bars and rocks packed around them to focus the blast

6.  the plot leaked out, James did not come, and Fawkes was caught in the cellar (maybe trying to remove the evidence)

7.  he and the 7 others were tried and executed

8.  Guy Fawkes Day is still celebrated today by setting off fireworks and burning a replica of Guy Fawkes

v.  Vision to extend England’s domain to the New World – 1606

1.  he granted a charter to a joint stock company – the Virginia Company of London

2.  included 2 groups that were planning on planting colonies in America

a.  London Group – wanted to settle the southern part of Virginia (Virginia)

b.  Plymouth Group – wanted to settle the northern part of Virginia (Maine)

3.  Plymouth group landed first – 1607 in Maine (Virginia)

a.  Landed first

b.  Colonized

c.  Poor crops and death

d.  The colony lasted only one winter

4.  London Group landed in 1607

a.  101 men

b.  3 months of rough seas

c.  landed in Chesapeake Bay and up the wide river which they named the James River

d.  they chose a place for the settlement and they called in Jamestown - 1607

e.  this was the first permanent English settlement in North America

vi.  Authorized the English Bible – King James Version - 1611

d.  King Charles I (1625-1649)

i.  unable to control foreign conflict and problems at home

ii.  by 1640 was in heated arguments with Parliament

iii.  Both sides went to war in 1642 and Charles was defeated in 1645

iv.  He was beheaded in 1649.

e.  Oliver Cromwell (1649-1660)

i.  An enemy of Charles I

ii.  was the first leader of Parliament's New Model Army

iii.  Civil war broke out

iv.  He became the first uncrowned leader of England.

f.  King Charles II (1660-1685)

i.  Fled from England after the defeat of the Royalist army at Worcester in 1651

ii.  He returned to England in 1651 when it was clear that there was nobody to follow Cromwell

iii.  Charles devoted his time as king to trying to avoid another civil war

iv.  He died in 1685

g.  King James II (1685-1688)

i.  disliked due to rumors that he was a secret Catholic

ii.  showed great favoritism to Catholics

iii.  To avoid death, he was allowed to flee the country in 1688

h.  William and Mary – King William III and Queen Mary II (1688-1702)

i.  William III was married to James II's Protestant daughter Mary

ii.  William was a great Dutch war-leader and a Protestant

iii.  He became the King of England when James II fled the country and agreed to work with Parliament and not against it

iv.  Most of his time as king was spent fighting wars against Louis XIV.

i.  From the end of the 17th century, monarchs lost executive power and they increasingly became subject to Parliament, resulting in today's constitutional Monarchy.

j.  Explorers

i.  Henry Hudson (1565-1611)

1.  Explorer and navigator

2.  Explored parts of Arctic Ocean and Northeastern North America

3.  Hudson River, Hudson Straight, Hudson Bay all named after him

ii.  Christopher Newport (1560-1617)

1.  Privateer and navigator

2.  Transported colonists to first permanent English colony in America – Jamestown

3.  Sailed back and forth 5 times bringing colonists and supplies between 1606-1611

iii.  John Smith (1580-1631)

1.  Adventurer and soldier

2.  One of the founders and leaders at Jamestown

3.  Explored Chesapeake Bay and New England coast

VII.  America

a.  Jamestown – 1607

i.  First English settlement in America

1.  Bible verses

a.  II Thes 3:10 - man does not work he does not eat

b.  Rev 22:12 - each man be judged according to his deeds

ii.  problems

1.  fire swept through the town in 1608 – less than 9 months after men arrived

2.  rats ate most of the corn supply

3.  London company wanted to make a profit so two boats were sent in 1608 to be loaded with cedar wood, lumber, sassafras – root to make tea

4.  men were “gentlemen” and didn’t want to do any hard work

a.  some wanted only to look for silver and gold

b.  others wanted to do nothing at all

5.  common storehouse (community living – communism)

a.  all things were brought to storehouse

b.  distributed evenly to all the people

c.  gentlemen didn’t think they should have to do anything

d.  they took up bowling in the streets

iii.  new leader

1.  John Smith took control in 1608

a.  Wasn’t very well liked by the people

b.  Did earn their respect

c.  Began to force people to do work – 4 hours each day before they could indulge in past-times

i.  People began to work harder

ii.  But winter 1609-1610 was a very hard winter

1.  many men died

2.  starved to death

iii.  He told them all to go out and gather everything they could to eat (otherwise they would have died)

d.  Got into a quarrel with Chief Powhatan but Pocahontas saved his life by throwing herself on him to save him from the executioner’s hatchet

i.  She married John Rolfe

ii.  Converted to the “Christian” religion - Catholicism

iii.  Died of smallpox in England after meeting the king at 22 years old

e.  He was hurt in an explosion and went back to England

2.  Sir Thomas Gates

a.  Sent by the London company to take Smith’s place

b.  When he arrived in 1610 the colony was in ruins

c.  The people that survived begged Gates to take them back to England

d.  They boarded the 2 ships and headed down the James River

e.  Met by ships coming with supplies led by Lord De la Warr who ordered them back to Jamestown

iv.  Cash crop for America

1.  John Rolfe discovered a kind of tobacco that the Europeans really liked - 1612

a.  The Indians grew tobacco

b.  Soon the Europeans were demanding it

c.  By 1617 the colony shipped back 20,000 pounds of tobacco

2.  After re-organization under King James, thousands were encouraged to sail to Jamestown to grow this crop

a.  in 1624 – King James dissolved the Virginia Company and took control himself – because the company could not pay profits to its stock holders

b.  many deaths because of disease and Indian raids