Prof. Philip Gavitt

HU 215

phone (314) 977-2904

cell: (314) 566-2869

Office Hours: T, Th 3:45-4:45 or by appointment

email:

HIST 490: History of Medieval and Renaissance Science and Medicine. This course will focus on the History of Science and Medicine Medicine from Antiquity until the Scientific Revolution. We will read various scientific and medical treatises concerning and both primary and secondary sources concerning scientific, medical and social practices. The course is divided into two main parts. The first five weeks will be devoted to a chronological survey of the history of science and medicine. The second six weeks will be devoted to special topics. In general the format of this course will be entirely discussion. Every week I will ask you to write short papers or reviews of about 750 words each, but the majority of your grade (about 80 percent) will be the result of the research paper of about 9000 words you will complete over the course of the semester using, whenever feasible, the rich collections in the history of science and medicine available in the St. Louis area. We will also make as many “field trips” as possible to such places as the Vatican Film Library, the Missouri Botanical Garden, the Archives and Rare Books section of the Washington University School of Medicine, and if time and money allow, to the “Body Worlds” exhibition at the St. Louis Science Center, which ends March 2.

Don’t be intimidated by the size of the syllabus. It is a list of resources, not of required readings. The required readings will be assigned as we go along. Please have Plato’s dialogue, Timaeus, read for the class on Thursday, January 24.

I. Science, Medicine and the Classical Tradition (January 24 and 29)

II. Science and Medicine in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (January 31).

III. Arabic Science and Medicine (February 5 and 7)

IV. Western Medieval Science and Medicine (February 12 and 14)

V. Renaissance and Early Modern Science and Medicine (February 19 and 21)

VI. The Hermetic Tradition and Science (February 26 and 28)

VII. Paradigm Shifts and Scientific Revolutions (March 4)

VIII. The Galileo Case (March 11 and 13)

IX. Moral and social implications of disease (March 25 and 27)

X. Doctors, hospitals, barbers, and surgeons (April 1)

XI. Herbs and pharmaceuticals(April 8 and 10)

XII. Plagues and Peoples (April 15 and 17)

XIII. Madness and civilization (April 22 and 24)

XIV. Sexuality and gender (April 29 and May 1)

Some history of science and medicine internet sites

I. Science, Medicine, and the Classical Tradition (January 24 and 29)

David C. Lindberg The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, 600 B.C. to A.D. 1450, pp. 1-131.

Conrad et al, The Western Medical Tradition, pp. 1-70

Lynn Thorndike, The History of Magic and Experimental Science, volume 1, pp. 39-336

Primary sources:

Corpus Medicorum Graecorum

G. E. R. Lloyd, ed., The HippocraticWritings

Aristotle, The History of Animals

Aristotle, Posterior Analytics

Celsus, On Medicine

Epicurus. Epicurus, the Extant Remains. Translated by Cyril Bailey. Hildesheim, New York: G. Olms, 1970.

Galen, On the Natural Faculties

Galen, De locis affectis

Hippocrates, On Airs, Waters, and Pla c es

Hippocrates, On Ancient M e dicine

Hippocrates, Aphorisms

Hippocrates, On the Articulations

Hippocrates, The Book of Prognostics

Hippocrates, On Fistulae

Hippocrates, On Fractures

Hippocrates, On Hemorrhoids

Hippocrates, On Injuries of the Head

Hippocrates, Instruments of Reduction

Hippocrates, The Law

Hippocrates, The Oath

Hippocrates, Of the Epidemics

Hippocrates, On Regimen in Acute Diseases

Hippocrates, On the Sacred Disease

Hippocrates, On the Surgery

Hippocrates, On Ulcers

Lucretius, De rerum natura

Plato, Timaeus

Pliny the Elder, Natural History

Ptolemy. Ptolemy's Almagest. Translated by G. J. Toomer. London: Duckworth; New York: Springer Verlag, 1984.

Secondary Sources:

Jonathan Barnes, Aristotle's Posterior Analytics. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975; revised edition, 1996?.)

-----, with Malcolm Schofield and Richard Sorabji, Articles on Aristotle I: Science. (London: Duckworth, 1975).

Enrico Berti, ed. Aristotle on Science: The Posterior Analytics. (Padua, 1981).

Michael Ferejohn, The Origins of Aristotelian Science. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991).

Mary Louise Gill and James G. Lennox, eds., Self-Motion: From Aristotle to Newton. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994.

Allan Gotthelf and James G. Lennox, eds., Philosophical Issues in Aristotle's Biology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).

Richard D. McKirahan, Jr., Principles and Proofs: Aristotle's Theory of Demonstrative Science (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.

Martha Nussbaum, Aristotle's De Motu Animalium: Text with Translation, Commentary, and Interpretive Essays. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978).

Pierre Pellegrin, Aristotle's Classification of Animals: Biology and the Conceptual Unity of the Aristotelian Corpus (tr. Anthony Preus). (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).

Pierre Pellegrin and Daniel Devereux, eds., Biologie, Logique, et Metaphysique chez Aristote. (Paris: Editions du C.N.R.S., 1990).

William Wians, ed., Aristotle's Philosophical Development: Problems and Prospects. (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996).

David Balme (1), "The place of biology in Aristotle's Philosophy," in Gotthelf and Lennox 1987, pp. 9-20.

----- (2) "Aristotle's Biology Was Not Essentialist," in Gotthelf and Lennox 1987, pp. 291-312.

Jonathan Barnes, "Aristotle's theory of demonstration," in Barnes, Schofield, and Sorabji 1975, pp. 65-87.

Robert Bolton (1), "Definition and Scientific Method in Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and Generation of Animals," in Gotthelf and Lennox 1987, pp. 69-89.

----- (2) "Essentialism and Semantic Theory in Aristotle: Posterior Analytics II.7-10," Philosophical Review LXXXV (1976), 515-44.

Sarah Broadie, "Nature and Craft in Aristotelian Teleology," in Biologie, Logique, et Metaphysique..., pp. 389-403.

Myles Burnyeat, "Aristotle on Understanding Knowledge," in Berti 1981, pp. 97-139.

David Charles (1), "Aristotle on Meaning, Natural Kids and Natural History," in Biologie, Logique, et Metaphysique..., pp. 145-167.

(2) -----, "Teleological Causation in the Physics, in Judson, ed., Aristotle's Physics: A Collection of Essays, pp. 101-28.

Alan Code, "The Priority of Final Causes Over Efficient Causes in Aristotle's PA" (Manuscript, n.d.)

Andrew Coles (1), "Biomedical Models of Reproduction in the Fifth Century BC and Aristotle's Generation of Animals," Phronesis, Vol. XL, No. 1, 1995, p. 63)

----- (2), "Demonstrative Explanation in Aristotle's Analytics and his Biology: the Final Cause Syllogistic in A Po II, 11 and Hypothetical Necessity in the Zoology, Manuscript, 1996.

John Cooper (1), "Aristotle on Natural Teleology," pp. 197-222 in Language and Logos, ed. Malcolm Schofield and Martha Nussbaum (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).

----- (2) "Hypothetical Necessity," in Gotthelf 1985, pp. 151-67.

----- (3) "Hypothetical Necessity and Natural Teleology," in Gotthelf and Lennox 1987, pp. 243-74.

David J. Depew (1), "Humans and Other Political Animals in Aristotle's History of Animals," Phronesis 1995, Vol. XL/2, pp. 156-181.

----- (2), "The Natural History of the Polis: A Reply to Keyt and Miller" (Manuscript, 1997).

Marguerite Deslauriers, "Sex and Essence in Aristotle's Metaphysics and Biology." Forthcoming in Freeland 1998.

Sophia M. Elliott, "The Female Principle in Aristotle's de Generatione Animalium, Book Four, chapter three" (Manuscript, 1996).

Cynthia A. Freeland (1), "Accidental Causes and Real Explanations in Aristotle," in Aristotle's Physics, ed. Lindsay Judson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. .

-----(2) "Explanation and Teleology in Aristotle's De Incessu Animalium (Manuscript, 1996).

----- (3) "Hypotheses, Definitions, and Scientific Method in Aristotle's Meteorology" (Manuscript, 1990).

----- (4) "Scientific Explanation and Empirical Data in Aristotle's Meteorology," in Biologie, Logique, et Metaphysique..., pp. 287-299.

David Furley, "Self-Movers," in Self-Motion: From Aristotle to Newton, ed. Gill and Lennox, pp. 3-14.

Mary Louise Gill, "Aristotle on Self-Motion," in Self-Motion: From Aristotle to Newton, ed. Gill and Lennox, pp. 15-34.

Allan Gotthelf (1), "Aristotle's Conception of Final Causality," Review of Metaphysics XXX (1976), pp. 226-54. Reprinted with Postscript in Gotthelf and Lennox 1987, pp. 204-42.

----- (2) "Data-Organization, Classification, and Natural Kinds: The Place of the History of Animals in Aristotle's Biological Enterprise" (Manuscript from Tokyo semiar, 1994)

----- (3) "The Elephant's Nose: further reflections on the axiomatic structure of biological explanation in Aristotle" (manuscript., n.d.)

----- (4) "First Principles in Aristotle's Parts of Animals, in Gotthelf and Lennox 1987, pp. 167-198.

Lindsay Judson, "Heavenly Motion and the Unmoved Mover," in Self-Motion: From Aristotle to Newton, ed. Gill and Lennox, pp. 155-71.

Charles Kahn, "The Place of the Prime Mover in Aristotle's Teleology," in Aristotle on Nature and Living Things,, edited by A. Gotthelf (Pittsburgh: Mathesis Publications, 1985), pp. 183-205.

Aryeh Kosman, "Aristotle's Prime Mover," in Self-Motion: From Aristotle to Newton, ed. Gill and Lennox, pp. 135-54.

Wolfgang Kullmann, "Man as a Political Animal in Aristotle," in A Companion to Aristotle's Politics, ed. David Keyt and Fred D. Miller, Jr. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), pp. 94-117.

James G. Lennox (1), "Aristotle's Biological Development: The Balme Hypothesis," in Aristotle's Philosophical Development, pp. 229-247.

----- (2) "Aristotle' Biology: Plain, but not Simple,2 Stud. Hist. Phil. Sci., Vol. 25, No. 5 (1994), pp. 817-823.

-----(3) "The Disappearance of Aristotle's Biology: A Hellenistic Mystery," Apeiron Vol. 17 No. 4 (1994), pp. 7-24.

-----(4) "Divide and Explain: The Posterior Analytics in Practice, in Gotthelf and Lennox 1987, pp. 90-119.

-----(5) "Material and Formal Natures in Aristotle's De Partibus Animalium," (proof, forthcoming ??).

-----(6) "Nature does nothing in vain..." (manuscript., n.d.)

-----(7) "Notes on David Charles on HA," in Biologie, Logique, et Metaphysique..., pp. 169-183.

G.E.R. Lloyd, "The Development of Aristotle's Theory of the Classification of Animals," Phronesis 1961; reprinted in Methods and Problems in Greek Science, pp. 1-26.

Gareth Matthews, "Gender and Essence in Aristotle",Australasian Journal of Philosophy Supplement to Vol. 64; June 1986, 16-25.

Susan Sauve Meyer, "Self-Movement and External Causation," in Self-Motion: From Aristotle to Newton, ed. Gill and Lennox, pp. 65-80.

Pierre Pellegrin, "Logical Difference and Biological Difference: The Unity of Aristotle's Thought," in Gotthelf and Lennox 1987, pp. 313-38.

Anthony Preus, "Man and Cosmos in Aristotle: Metaphysics Lambda and the Biological Works," in Pellegrin and Devereux, 1990, pp. 471-90.

Christopher Shields, "Mind and Motion in Aristotle," in Self-Motion: From Aristotle to Newton, ed. Gill and Lennox, pp. 117-34.

Daryl McGowan Tress, "The Metaphysical Science of Aristotle's Generation of Animals and its Feminist Critics," Review of Metaphysics 46 (December 1992), pp. 307-41.

Nancy Tuana, "Aristotle and the Politics of Reproduction" in Engendering Origins: Critical Feminist Readings in Plato and Aristotle, ed. Bat-Ami Bar On. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.

Michael Wedin, "Aristotle on the Mind's Self-Motion," in Self-Motion: From Aristotle to Newton, ed. Gill and Lennox, pp. 81-116.

Amundsen, D. W., “Images of the physician in classical times” Journal of Popular Culture 11 (1977), 643-655

H. G. Benz, The Greek Magical Papyri (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985)

Glenn W. Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969

Dean-Jones, L. A. Women’s Bodies in Classical Greek Science (Oxford: Carendon Press, 1994).

Ludwig Edelstein, “The Hippocratic Physician” in Owsei Temkin and C. Lillian Temkin (eds.), Ancient Medicine (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967) , pp. 87-110.

A. Gotthelf, Aristotle on Nature and Living Things, (Bristol: Bristol University Press, 1992)

R. Jackson, Doctors and Diseases in the Roman Empire (London: British Museum, 1988)

Helen King, Greek and Roman Medicine (London: Bristol Classical Press, 2002)

G. E. R. Lloyd, Science, Folklore, and Ideology

G. E. R. Lloyd, Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle

G. E. R. Lloyd, Greek Science after Aristotle

J. N. Longrigg, “The Great Plague of Athens,” History of Science, 18 (1980): 209-15

J. N. Longrigg, Greek Rational Medicine (London: Routledge, 1993)

Robert Parker, Miasma: Pollution and Purification in Early Greek Religion (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983)

Paul Potter, “Some Principles of Hippocratic Nosology” in Paul Potter, Gilles Maloney et Jacques Desautels (éds.), La maladie et les maladies dans la collection Hippocratique, Actes du Vie Colloque International Hippocratique (Québec: éditions du Sphinx, 1990), pp. 237-53.

Paul Potter, A Short Handbook of Hippocratic Medicine (Quebec, Les editions du Sphinx, 1988)

Julius Rocca , Galen on the brain : anatomical knowledge and physiological speculation in the second century AD. (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2003).

Heinrich von Staden: Herophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989)

Heinrich von Staden, “The Discovery of the Body: Human Dissection and Its Cultural Contexts in Ancient Greece”, The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 1992; 65: 223-41

Owsei Temkin, Galenism: Rise and Decline of a Medical Philosophy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1973.

L. Toledo-Pereyra, “Galen’s contribution to surgery” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 28 (1973): 357-75.

Pedersen, Olaf. A Survey of the Almagest. (Odense: Odense University Press, 1974)

II. Science and Medicine in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (January 31)

Conrad, et al. 71-87

Lindberg, 134-159

Primary Sources:

Macrobius, Commentary on the Dream of Scipio

William H. Stahl, et al: Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts two volumes, with a translation and commentary of Martianus Capella, The Marriage of Philology and Mercury

William D. Sharpe (tr.), Isidore of Seville : The Medical Writings in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 54, Part 2 (Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1964)

Isidore of Seville, On the Nature of Things

Isidore of Seville Etymologies

Bede, On the Nature of Things

John of Philoponus Against Aristotle on the Eternity of the World tr. Christian Wildberg

Secondary sources:

Darrel Amundsen, “Medicine and Faith in Early Christianity” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 56: 326-350

Peter Brown, The Body and Society (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988)

Gerhard Baader, “Early Medieval Latin Adaptations of Byzantine Medicine in Western Europe” in John Scarborough (ed.), Symposium on Byzantine Medicine, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, No. 38 (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1985), pp. 251-9.

M. L. Cameron. Anglo-Saxon Medicine (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1993)

Flint, Valerie J., "The Early Medieval 'Medicus', the Saint -- and the Enchanter", Society for the Social History of Medicine, 1989, 2: 127-45.

Jesse L. Byock, “Egil’s Bones”, Scientific American, 1995,272:82-7.

Marshall Claggett, Greek Science in Antiquity

Roger French and Frank Grennaway, eds. Science in the Early Roman Empire : Pliny the Elder, His Sources and Influence

Stpehen Gersh, Middle Platonism and Neoplatonism

David C. Lindberg, “Science and the Early Church” in David Linberg and Ronald Numbers, God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter between Christianity an d Science