Final Import Risk Analysis Report for Fresh Unshu Mandarin Fruit from Shizuoka Prefecture in Japan
July 2009
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© Commonwealth of Australia 2009
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Cite this report as:
Biosecurity Australia (2009) Final import risk analysis report for fresh unshu mandarin fruit from Shizuoka Prefecture in Japan. Biosecurity Australia, Canberra.
The Australian Government acting through Biosecurity Australia has exercised due care and skill in preparing and compiling the information in this publication. Notwithstanding, Biosecurity Australia, its employees and advisers disclaim all liability to the maximum extent permitted by law, including liability for negligence, for any loss, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information in this publication.
Postal address:
Biosecurity Australia
GPO Box 858
CANBERRA ACT 2601
AUSTRALIA
Internet: www.biosecurityaustralia.gov.au
Cover image: Unshu mandarins ripening under hothouse cultivation in the off-season near Fujieda City, Japan. Photographed by Biosecurity Australia officer, July 2007.
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Final IRA Report for Unshu Mandarin from Japan Contents
Contents
Tables and Figures 3
Acronyms and abbreviations 5
Summary 7
1 Introduction 9
1.1 Australia’s biosecurity policy framework 9
1.2 This import risk analysis 9
2 Method for pest risk analysis 13
2.1 Stage 1: Initiation 13
2.2 Stage 2: Pest risk assessment 14
2.3 Stage 3: Pest risk management 21
3 Japan’s commercial production practices for Citrus unshiu 23
3.1 Assumptions used to estimate unrestricted risk 23
3.2 Production area and designated export areas 23
3.3 Climate in the production area 28
3.4 Commercial production and export information 29
4 Pest risk assessments for quarantine pests 35
4.1 Quarantine pests for pest risk assessment 35
4.2 Pink citrus rust mite 36
4.3 Citrus red mite 37
4.4 Armoured scales 37
4.5 Mealybugs 42
4.6 Leafroller moths 46
4.7 Bagworms 51
4.8 Apple heliodinid 54
4.9 Thrips 57
4.10 Japanese orange fly 62
4.11 Citrus scab 66
4.12 Citrus canker 67
4.13 Pest risk assessment conclusion 79
5 Pest risk management 83
5.1 Pest risk management measures and phytosanitary procedures 83
5.2 Review of policy 94
Appendix A: Initiation and pest categorisation 97
Appendix A 1: Pest categorisation for fresh unshu mandarin fruit from Japan – Presence/absence in Australia and pathway association for arthropods and pathogens 97
Appendix A 2: Potential for establishment or spread and associated consequences for pests of fresh unshu mandarin fruit from the production area 166
Appendix B: Additional data for quarantine pests 191
Appendix C: Biosecurity framework 203
Appendix D: Distribution of Japanese orange fly in Japan 209
Appendix E: Distribution of citrus greening and citrus psyllid in Japan 213
Appendix F: Monitoring for citrus canker in the Shizuoka Prefecture 215
Glossary 217
References 221
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Final IRA Report for Unshu Mandarin from Japan Tables and figures
Tables
Table 2.1: Nomenclature for qualitative likelihoods 16
Table 2.2: Matrix of rules for combining qualitative likelihoods 17
Table 2.3: Decision rules for determining the consequence impact score 19
Table 2.4: Decision rules for determining the overall consequence rating for each pest 19
Table 2.5: Risk estimation matrix 20
Table 3.1: Coordinates for the production area 26
Table 3.2: Coordinates for the four designated export areas 26
Table 3.3: Rainfall and temperature figures for Shizuoka City 28
Table 3.4: Number of typhoons that approached the Tokai region 28
Table 3.5: The indicative unshu mandarin spray calendar (2007) for Japan 31
Table 4.1: Quarantine pests for fresh unshu mandarin fruit from the production area 35
Table 4.2: Summary of field inspection records for unshu mandarin export orchards in the
Shizuoka Prefecture near Fujieda City 68
Table 4.3: Comparison of meteorological data relevant to the designated export areas in Japan and to research in Argentina 70
Table 4.4: Summary of risk assessments for quarantine pests for fresh unshu mandarin fruit from the production area 80
Table 5.1: Phytosanitary measures recommended for quarantine pests for fresh unshu mandarin fruit from the designated export areas 84
Figures
Figure 3.1: Major citrus growing areas in Japan 24
Figure 3.2: The unshu mandarin production area and the designated export areas (Areas 1–4) near Fujieda City, Shizuoka Prefecture 25
Figure 3.3: Orchard within the designated export areas 27
Figure 3.4: Orchard within the designated export areas surrounded by tea, bamboo and mixed tree vegetation 27
Figure 3.5: Mature unshu mandarin tree grafted on Poncirus trifoliata 27
Figure 3.6: Slashed interrows 27
Figure 3.7: Fruit processing plant 27
Figure 3.8: Packing box for unshu mandarin fruit destined for the USA 27
Figure 3.9: Schematic layout of the processing steps at the current packing house at Fujieda City 33
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Final IRA Report for Unshu Mandarin from Japan Map of Australia
Map of Australia
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Final IRA Report for Unshu Mandarin from Japan Acronyms and abbreviations
Acronyms and abbreviations
Term or abbreviation / Definition /ACG / Australian Citrus Growers Inc. (Citrus Australia Ltd; as of November 2008) /
ALPP / Area of low pest prevalence /
ALOP / Appropriate level of protection /
APAL / Apple and Pear Australia Ltd /
APHIS / Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture /
APPD / Australian Plant Pest Database (Plant Health Australia) /
AQIS / Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service /
BA / Biosecurity Australia /
CABI / CAB International, Wallingford, UK /
CAD / Chinese Ant Database /
CMI / Commonwealth Mycological Institute /
DAFF / Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry /
DAFWA / Department of Agriculture and Food – Western Australia /
DAWA / Department of Agriculture – Western Australia (previous name of DAFWA) /
DOACS / Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services /
E / East /
EPPO / European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization /
FAO / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations /
FFTC / Food and Fertilizer Technology Centre (Taipei, Taiwan) /
GPS / Global positioning system /
ICA / Interstate Certification Assurance /
IPM / Integrated Pest Management /
IPPC / International Plant Protection Convention /
IRA / Import Risk Analysis /
ISPM / International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures /
IVA / Independent Verification Assurance /
JAID / Japanese Ant Image Database /
JSAE / Japanese Society of Applied Entomology and Zoology /
JSCC / Japan Society for Culture Collections /
MAFF / Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan) /
MAFNZ / Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry – New Zealand /
N / North /
NaOCl / Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) /
NPPO / National Plant Protection Organization /
NSW / New South Wales /
NT / Northern Territory /
PC / Phytosanitary certificate /
Term or abbreviation / Definition /
Qld / Queensland /
Tas. / Tasmania /
Vic. / Victoria /
WA / Western Australia /
Abbreviations of units
Term or abbreviation / DefinitionAre / unit for area of 10 m2
ºC / degree Celsius
ºF / degree Fahrenheit
kg / kilogram
km / kilometre
m / metre
μ / micrometre (one millionth of a metre)
ml / millilitre
mm / millimetre
ppm / parts per million
s / second
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Final IRA Report for Unshu Mandarin from Japan Summary
Summary
This import risk analysis finalises a proposal from Japan for market access to Australia for fresh unshu mandarin fruit from the Shizuoka Prefecture.
Australia has existing quarantine policy that allows the importation of various citrus fruits from Israel, New Zealand, Spain and specific states of the United States of America (Arizona, California, Texas) for human consumption. There is no policy that exists for the importation of unshu mandarin fruit into Australia.
This final report recommends that the importation of fresh unshu mandarin fruit (Citrus unshiu Marcow.) to Australia from four designated export areas in the Shizuoka Prefecture be permitted, subject to specific quarantine conditions.
This import policy allows fruit from four designated export areas surveyed for over 40 years and found free of citrus canker. However, as these areas are located in a production area where there is the potential for low pest prevalence, measures are required. The conditions include a requirement that the designated export areas are surveyed at least twice a year and found free from citrus canker.
The report takes account of stakeholders’ comments on a 2002 technical issues paper and the 2008 draft import risk analysis report.
The report identifies pink citrus rust mite, apple heliodinid, mealybugs, leafroller moths, thrips, Japanese orange fly, citrus scab and citrus canker as pests that require quarantine measures to manage risks to a very low level in order to achieve Australia’s appropriate level of protection (ALOP).
The recommended quarantine measures are a combination of risk management measures and an operational system that will reduce the risk associated with the importation of fresh unshu mandarin fruit from four designated export areas (Areas 1–4) near Fujieda City, Shizuoka Prefecture, into Australia to a very low level consistent with Australia’s ALOP, specifically:
· inspection for pink citrus rust mite, apple heliodinid, mealybugs, leafroller moths and thrips, and remedial action if these pests are detected
· continuation of the existing surveillance program for Japanese orange fly to verify area freedom for the designated export areas
· orchard inspection, orchard control and orchard freedom from symptoms of citrus scab
· a systems approach for citrus canker, requiring the following mandatory measures:
- unshu mandarin fruit for export to Australia to be sourced only from registered orchards within four designated export areas in Japan (Areas 1–4)
- freedom from symptoms of citrus canker of the designated export areas for a minimum of two years prior to registration of orchards for export to Australia each season
- freedom from symptoms of citrus canker during the growing season based on monitoring of the registered export orchards after petal fall and prior to harvest
- an additional survey of the export areas if a typhoon should be recorded at the meteorological station in Shizuoka City before the end of August of each year
- copper sprays in accordance with the unshu mandarin spray calendar for Japan for the registered export orchards
- control for citrus leafminer in accordance with the unshu mandarin spray calendar for Japan for the registered export orchards
- restrictions on movement of host material into the export areas
- post-harvest chemical treatment
· a supporting operational system to maintain and verify the phytosanitary status of consignments. The Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) will verify that the recommended phytosanitary measures have occurred and will be present to pre-clear consignments prior to export.
Japan is to immediately notify AQIS of any changes to the current distribution of citrus greening outside of the export areas and the current movement restrictions for its host commodities.
Citrus rust thrips has been identified as a quarantine pest for Western Australia, western flower thrips has been identified as a quarantine pest for Tasmania and the Northern Territory and melon thrips has been identified as a quarantine pest for Western Australia, South Australia, Tasmania and the Northern Territory. The recommended quarantine measures take account of these regional differences.
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Final IRA Report for Unshu Mandarin from Japan Introduction
1 Introduction
1.1 Australia’s biosecurity policy framework
Australia's biosecurity policies aim to protect Australia against the risks that may arise from exotic pests[1] entering, establishing and spreading in Australia, thereby threatening Australia's unique flora and fauna, as well as those agricultural industries that are relatively free from serious pests.
The import risk analysis (IRA) process is an important part of Australia's biosecurity policies. It enables the Australian Government to formally consider the risks that could be associated with proposals to import new products into Australia. If the risks are found to exceed Australia’s appropriate level of protection (ALOP), risk management measures are proposed to reduce the risks to an acceptable level. But, if it is not possible to reduce the risks to an acceptable level, then no trade will be allowed.
Successive Australian Governments have maintained a conservative, but not a zerorisk, approach to the management of biosecurity risks. This approach is expressed in terms of Australia's ALOP, which reflects community expectations through government policy and is currently described as providing a high level of protection aimed at reducing risk to a very low level, but not to zero.
Australia’s IRAs are undertaken by Biosecurity Australia using teams of technical and scientific experts in relevant fields, and involves consultation with stakeholders at various stages during the process. Biosecurity Australia provides recommendations for animal and plant quarantine policy to Australia’s Director of Animal and Plant Quarantine (the Secretary of the Australian Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry). The Director, or delegate, is responsible for determining whether or not an importation can be permitted under the Quarantine Act 1908, and if so, under what conditions. The Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) is responsible for implementing appropriate risk management measures.
More information about Australia’s biosecurity framework is provided in Appendix C of this report and in the Import Risk Analysis Handbook 2007 located on the Biosecurity Australia website www.biosecurityaustralia.gov.au.
1.2 This import risk analysis
1.2.1 Background
In 1989, Japan indicated that it wished to send fresh unshu mandarin fruit, Citrus unshiu Marcow., to Australia and subsequently provided pest lists in 1990 and 1992. In 1998, Japan advised that access for fresh unshu mandarin was their next priority after fuji apple (Malus pumila Miller var. domestica Schneider), for which Japan gained access from the Aomori Prefecture into Australia in December 1998.
In a letter in March 2001, Japan proposed to export fresh unshu mandarin fruit from the whole of the Shizuoka Prefecture. Following Japan’s letter in March 2001, Biosecurity Australia issued a Plant Biosecurity policy memorandum (PBPM 2001/05) advising stakeholders of Japan’s import proposal for fresh unshu mandarin fruit from the whole of the Shizuoka Prefecture into Australia.