Electronic Supplementary Material, Appendix 1: Detailed search strategy
1.1 PubMed Search Strategy
#53 / Search#26 AND #36 AND #52#52 / Search#38 OR #40 OR #42 OR #43 OR #45 OR #48 OR #50 OR #51
#51 / Search((((systematic* AND review*[Text Word])) OR meta-analysis[Text Word]) OR "pooled analysis"[Text Word]) OR "combined analysis"[Text Word]
#50 / Search"Meta-Analysis" [Publication Type]
#48 / Search((singl* OR doubl* OR trebl* OR tripl*[Text Word])) AND (mask* OR blind*[Text Word])
#47 / Search(singl* OR doubl* OR trebl* OR tripl*) AND (mask* OR blind*)[Text Word])
#46 / Search((singl* OR doubl* OR trebl* OR tripl*) AND (mask* OR blind*)[Text Word])
#45 / Search"Single-Blind Method"[Mesh] OR "Double-Blind Method"[Mesh]
#43 / Searchrandom*[Text Word]
#42 / Search"Random Allocation"[Mesh]
#40 / Search"Randomized Controlled Trial" [Publication Type]
#38 / Search"Controlled Clinical Trial" [Publication Type]
#36 / Search#28 OR #29 OR #30 OR #31 OR #32 OR #33 OR #34 OR #35
#35 / Search("muscle strength" OR "muscle strengthening" OR muscle-strengthening[Text Word])
#34 / Search("weight lifting" OR weight-lifting OR "weight bearing" OR weight-bearing OR "weight training"[Text Word])
#33 / Search"circuit training"[Text Word]
#32 / Search("strength exercise" OR "strengthening exercise" OR "strength training"[Text Word])
#31 / Search("resistance exercise" OR "resistance training" OR "progressive resistance")
#30 / Search("aerobic exercise" OR "aerobic training"[Text Word])
#29 / Searchexercise therapy[Text Word]
#28 / Search"Exercise Therapy"[Mesh]
#26 / Search#21 NOT #25
#25 / Search#23 OR #24
#24 / Searchdiabetes insipidus[Text Word]
#23 / Search"Diabetes Insipidus"[Mesh]
#21 / Search#2 OR #4 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 OR #20
#20 / Search(plurimetabolic* syndrome* OR pluri metabolic* syndrome*[Text Word])
#19 / Searchinsulin* defic* relative*[Text Word]
#18 / Search((ketoresist* OR keto resist* OR nonketo* OR non keto*) AND diabet*[Text Word])
#17 / Search(("type 2" OR type-2 OR "type II" OR type-II) AND diabet*[Text Word])
#16 / Searchnon insulin-depend* diabet*[Text Word]
#15 / Searchnon-insulin-depend* diabet*[Text Word]
#14 / Searchnon-insulin* depend* diabet*[Text Word]
#13 / Searchnon insulin* depend* diabet*[Text Word]
#12 / Searchniddm[Text Word]
#11 / Searchmody[Text Word]
#10 / Search(obes* AND diabet*[Text Word])
#9 / Searchinsulin* resistan*[Text Word]
#8 / Searchglucose intoleran*[Text Word]
#7 / Searchimpaired glucose toleran*[Text Word]
#6 / Search"Glucose Intolerance"[Mesh]
#4 / Search"Insulin Resistance"[Mesh]
#2 / Search"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2"[Mesh]
1.2 Embase Search Strategy
# ▲ / Searches1 / exp non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus/
2 / exp insulin resistance/
3 / exp glucose intolerance/
4 / impaired glucose toleran*.tw.
5 / glucose intoleran*.tw.
6 / insulin* resistan*.tw.
7 / (obes* and diabet*).tw.
8 / mody.tw.
9 / niddm.tw.
10 / non insulin* depend* diabet*.tw.
11 / non-insulin* depend* diabet*.tw.
12 / non-insulin-depend* diabet*.tw.
13 / non insulin-depend* diabet*.tw.
14 / (("type 2" or type-2 or "type II" or type-II) and diabet*).tw.
15 / ((ketoresist* or keto resist* or nonketo* or non keto*) and diabet*).tw.
16 / (insulin* defic* and relative*).tw.
17 / (plurimetabolic* syndrome* or pluri metabolic* syndrome*).tw.
18 / 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17
19 / exp diabetes insipidus/
20 / Diabetes Insipidus.tw.
21 / 19 or 20
22 / 18 not 21
23 / exp kinesiotherapy/
24 / exercise therapy.tw.
25 / exp aerobic exercise/
26 / (aerobic exercise or aerobic training).tw.
27 / exp resistance training/
28 / (resistance exercise or resistance training or progressive resistance).tw.
29 / (strength exercise or strengthening exercise or strength training).tw.
30 / circuit training.tw.
31 / ("weight lifting" or weight-lifting or "weight bearing" or weight-bearing or weight training).tw.
32 / (muscle strength or muscle strengthening or muscle-strengthening).tw.
33 / 23 or 24 or 25 or 26 or 27 or 28 or 29 or 30 or 31 or 32
34 / exp controlled clinical trial/
35 / exp randomized controlled trial/
36 / exp randomization/
37 / random*.tw.
38 / (((singl* or doubl* or trebl* or tripl*) and mask*) or blind*).tw.
39 / exp "systematic review"/
40 / (systematic* and review*).tw.
41 / exp meta analysis/
42 / (meta-analysis or pooled analysis or combined analysis).tw.
43 / 34 or 35 or 36 or 37 or 38 or 39 or 40 or 41 or 42
44 / 22 and 33 and 43
1.3 CINAHL search strategy
Search ID# / Search TermsS41 / S38 and S39 and S40
S40 / S23 or S24 or S25 or S31 or S32 or S33 or S34 or S35
S39 / S16 or S17 or S18 or S19 or S20 or S21 or S22 or S30
S38 / S36 NOT S37
S37 / S15 OR S29
S36 / S1 OR S2 OR S3 OR S4 OR S5 OR S6 OR S7 OR S8 OR S9 OR S10 OR S11 OR S12 OR S13 OR S14 OR S26 OR S27 OR S28
S35 / MH Systematic Review
S34 / MH Meta Analysis
S33 / MH Double-Blind Studies OR MH Single-Blind Studies OR MH Triple-Blind Studies
S32 / MH Random Assignment
S31 / MH Randomized Controlled Trials
S30 / MH Aerobic Exercises+ OR MH Muscle Strengthening+
S29 / MH Diabetes Insipidus+
S28 / MH Glucose Intolerance
S27 / MH Insulin Resistance+
S26 / MH Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
S25 / TX systematic* N3 review* OR TX ( meta-analysis OR "pooled analysis" OR "combined analysis" )
S24 / TX (singl* OR doubl* OR trebl* OR tripl*) N3 (mask* OR blind*)
S23 / TX random*
S22 / TX "muscle strength" OR "muscle strengthening" OR muscle-strengthening
S21 / TX "weight lifting" OR weight-lifting OR "weight bearing" OR weight-bearing OR "weight training"
S20 / TX "circuit training"
S19 / TX "strength exercise" OR "strengthening exercise" OR "strength training"
S18 / TX "resistance exercise" OR "resistance training" OR "progressive resistance"
S17 / TX "aerobic exercise" OR "aerobic training"
S16 / TX "exercise therapy"
S15 / TX "diabetes insipidus"
S14 / TX plurimetabolic* syndrome* OR TX pluri metabolic* syndrome*
S13 / TX insulin* defic* N1 relative*
S12 / TX (ketoresist* OR keto resist* OR nonketo* OR non keto*) N1 diabet*
S11 / TX ("type 2" OR type-2 OR "type II" OR type-II) N1 diabet*
S10 / TX non insulin-depend* diabet*
S9 / TX non-insulin-depend* diabet*
S8 / TX non-insulin* depend* diabet*
S7 / TX non insulin* depend* diabet*
S6 / TX niddm
S5 / TX mody
S4 / TX obes* N3 diabet*
S3 / TX insulin* resistan*
S2 / TX glucose intoleran*
S1 / TX impaired glucose toleran*
1.4 SPORTS Search Strategy
Search ID# / Search TermsS32 / S28 and S29 and S30
S31 / S28 and S29 and S30
S30 / S23 or S24 or S25 or S26
S29 / S16 or S17 or S18 or S19 or S20 or S21 or S22
S28 / S27 not S15
S27 / S1 or S2 or S3 or S4 or S5 or S6 or S7 or S8 or S9 or S10 or S11 or S12 or S13 or S14
S26 / TI ( systematic* review* OR meta-analysis OR "pooled analysis" OR "combined analysis" ) OR AB ( systematic* review* OR meta-analysis OR "pooled analysis" OR "combined analysis" ) OR KW ( systematic* review* OR meta-analysis OR "pooled analysis" OR "combined analysis" )
S25 / TI ( (singl* OR doubl* OR trebl* OR tripl*) AND blind* ) OR AB ( (singl* OR doubl* OR trebl* OR tripl*) AND (mask* OR blind*) ) OR KW ( (singl* OR doubl* OR trebl* OR tripl*) AND blind* )
S24 / TI ( random* AND (trial OR study) ) OR AB ( random* AND (trial OR study OR group OR arm OR allocat* OR assign*) ) OR KW ( random* AND (trial OR study) )
S23 / TI ( control* AND trial ) OR AB ( control* AND trial ) OR KW ( control* AND trial )
S22 / TX "muscle strength" OR "muscle strengthening" OR muscle-strengthening
S21 / TX "weight lifting" OR weight-lifting OR "weight bearing" OR weight-bearing OR "weight training"
S20 / TX "circuit training"
S19 / TX "strength exercise" OR "strengthening exercise" OR "strength training"
S18 / TX "resistance exercise" OR "resistance training" OR "progressive resistance"
S17 / TX "aerobic exercise" OR TX "aerobic training"
S16 / TX "exercise therapy"
S15 / TX "diabetes insipidus"
S14 / TX plurimetabolic* syndrome* OR TX pluri metabolic* syndrome*
S13 / TX insulin* defic* N1 relative*
S12 / TX (ketoresist* OR keto resist* OR nonketo* OR non keto*) N1 diabet*
S11 / TX ("type 2" OR type-2 OR "type II" OR type-II) N1 diabet*
S10 / TX non insulin-depend* diabet*
S9 / TX non-insulin-depend* diabet*
S8 / TX non-insulin* depend* diabet*
S7 / TX non insulin* depend* diabet*
S6 / TX niddm
S5 / TX mody
S4 / TX obes* N3 diabet*
S3 / TX insulin* resistan*
S2 / TX glucose intoleran*
S1 / TX impaired glucose toleran*
1.5 CENTRAL Search Strategy
ID Search Hits
#1 MeSH descriptor: [Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2] explode all trees
#2 MeSH descriptor: [Insulin Resistance] explode all trees
#3 MeSH descriptor: [Glucose Intolerance] explode all trees
#4 (impaired glucose toleran*)
#5 (glucose intoleran*)
#6 (insulin* resistan*)
#7 (obes*) and (diabet*)
#8 (mody)
#9 (niddm)
#10 (non insulin* depend* diabet*)
#11 (non-insulin* depend* diabet*)
#12 (non-insulin-depend* diabet*)
#13 (non insulin-depend* diabet*)
#14 ("type 2" or type-2 or "type II" or type-II) and diabet*
#15 (ketoresist* or keto resist* or nonketo* or non keto*) and diabet*
#16 insulin* defic* relative*
#17 plurimetabolic* syndrome* or pluri metabolic* syndrome*
#18 (#1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12 or #13 or #14 or #15 or #16 or #17)
#19 MeSH descriptor: [Diabetes Insipidus] explode all trees
#20 diabetes insipidus
#21 (#19 or #20)
#22 MeSH descriptor: [Exercise Therapy] explode all trees
#23 "exercise therapy"
#24 "aerobic exercise" or "aerobic training"
#25 "resistance exercise" or "resistance training" or "progressive resistance"
#26 "strength exercise" or "strengthening exercise" or "strength training"
#27 "circuit training"
#28 "weight lifting" or weight-lifting or "weight bearing" or weight-bearing or "weight training"
#29 "muscle strength" or "muscle strengthening" or muscle-strengthening
#30 (#22 or #23 or #24 or #25 or #26 or #27 or #28 or #29)
#31 MeSH descriptor: [Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic] explode all trees
#32 MeSH descriptor: [Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic] explode all trees
#33 MeSH descriptor: [Random Allocation] explode all trees
#34 random*
#35 MeSH descriptor: [Single-Blind Method] explode all trees
#36 MeSH descriptor: [Double-Blind Method] explode all trees
#37 (singl* or doubl* or trebl* or tripl*) and (mask* or blind*)
#38 MeSH descriptor: [Meta-Analysis as Topic] explode all trees
#39 (systematic* and review*) or meta-analysis or "pooled analysis" or "combined analysis"
#40 (#31 or #32 or #33 or #34 or #35 or #36 or #37 or #38 or #39)
#41 ((#18 and not #21) and #30 and #40)
Electronic Supplementary Material, Appendix 2: Detailed description of the exercise programmes
Study / Duration / Type and intensity of exerciseArora 2009 [16], Shenoy 2009 [29] / 3.73 months (16 weeks)a / Resistance exercise: (1) type: 5-min warm-up (static cycling); then 7 exercises for major muscle groups (biceps, triceps, upper back, abdominals, knee flexors and extensors) using dumbbells, pulleys, lateral pull down and quadriceps table; then 5-min cool-down (static cycling); (2) intensity: 3 sets of 10 repetitions of each exercise progressing from 60% to 100% of 1 repetition maximum
Aerobic exercise: (1) type: walking; (2) intensity: not reported
Bacchi 2012 [17] / 4 months / Resistance exercise: (1) type: 9 different exercises (involving the major muscle groups, alternating lower body, upper body, and core exercises) on weight machines and free weights; (2) intensity: 3 sets of 10 repetitions of each exercise progressing from 30–50% to 70–80% of 1 repetition maximum
Aerobic exercise: (1) type: cardiovascular training equipment; (2) intensity: 60-65% of reserve heart rate
Cauza 2005 [18] / 4 months / Resistance exercise: (1) type: exercises for all major muscle groups; (2)intensity: minimal level in the first 2 wks, then increasing from 3 to 6 sets of 10-15 repetitions of each exercise without interruption until severe fatigue;
Aerobic exercise: (1) type: cycle ergometer; (2) intensity: 60% of VO2max
Church 2010 [19] / 9 months / Resistance exercise: (1) type: upper body exercises (bench press, seated row, shoulder press, and pull down), leg exercises (leg press, extension, and flexion), abdominal crunches and back extensions; (2) intensity: 2 sets of 4 upper body exercises, 3 sets of 3 leg exercises, 2 sets of abdominal crunches and back extensions (each set consisted of 10 to 12 repetitions);
Aerobic exercise: (1) type: treadmill; (2) intensity: 50-80% of VO2max
Jorge 2011 [20], de Oliveira 2012 [27] / 2.8 months (12 weeks) / Resistance exercise: (1) type: a 7-exercise circuit (leg press, bench press, lat pull down, seated rowing, shoulder press, abdominal curls, and knee curls); (2) intensity: 2 sets of 10 repetitions at 50% of 1 repetition maximum in the first 2 weeks, with a 2-min rest between the circuit lap; then 4 sets of 8 to 12 repetitions at loadings constantly corrected so that all sets were sustained until exhaustion;
Aerobic exercise: (1) type: cycling; (2) intensity: at the heart rate corresponding to the lactate threshold
Kadoglou 2013 [21] / 6 months / Resistance exercise: (1) type: 8 different exercises (leg press, knee extension, knee flexion, chest press, lat pulldown, overhead press, biceps curl, triceps extension); (2) intensity: 2-3 sets of 8-10 repetitions of each exercise at 60-80% of 1 repetition maximum. The duration of each session gradually progressed over 4 weeks, whereafter it was maintained at 60 min for the remainder of the study.
Aerobic exercise: (1) type: 10-min warmup, 45 min of aerobic exercises, such as walking or running on a treadmill, cycling or calisthenics, and 5-min cool down; (2) intensity: 60-75% of max heart rate
Ku 2010 [22] / 2.8 months (12 weeks) / Resistance exercise: (1) type: elastic band exercise with 10 different motions (biceps curl, triceps extension, upright row, shoulder chest press, trunk sidebending, seated row, leg press, hip flexion, leg flexion and leg extension); (2) intensity: 3 sets of 15-20 repetitions of each motion at 40-50% of maximal exercise capacity;
Aerobic exercise: (1) type: walking; (2) intensity: 3.6-5.2 metabolic equivalents
Moe 2011 [24] / 2.8 months (12 wks) / Resistance exercise: (1) type: a brisk 5-min walk on a treadmill, followed by 5 resistance training machines: leg press, chest press, horizontal row, leg extension, and leg curl; (2) intensity: 3 sets of 8 repetitions on each machine with a resistance corresponding to 60% of baseline 1-(in kilograms), increasing in steps suited to the individual (usually 2.5 kg);
Aerobic exercise: (1) type: cycle ergometer; (2) intensity: preparatory exercise in the first week, then exercised continuously for 45 min at 75% of their VO2max on 2 days per week, and intermittently in five 2-min bouts at 85% VO2max separated by 3 min of exercise at 50% VO2max on a further day per week
Ng 2010 [25],
Ng 2011 [26] / 1.87 months (8 weeks) / Resistance exercise: (1) type: 9 resistive exercises using machines and free weights (seated leg press, straight leg raise, hamstrings curl machine, biceps curls, triceps curls, lateral raises, front raises, hip abduction, hip extension); (2) intensity: 3 sets of 10 repetitions for each exercise at 65% progressing to 70% of 1 repetition maximum;
Aerobic exercise: (1) type: treadmill, stationary upright bicycle, stationary recumbent bicycle, cross trainer; (2) intensity: 65% progressing to 70% predicted heart rate
Sigal 2007 [30], Larose 2010 [23], Reid 2010 [28] / 5.13 months (22 weeks) / Resistance exercise: (1) type: 7 different exercises on weight machines; (2) intensity: 2~3 sets of each exercise at the maximum weight that could be lifted 7 to 9 times;
Aerobic exercise: (1) type: cycle or treadmill; (2)intensity: 60% progressing to 75% max heart rate;
Sukala 2012 [31] / 3.73 months (16 wks) / Resistance exercise: (1) type: 8 major exercises (seated leg press, knee extension, knee flexion, chest press, lat pulldown, overhead press, biceps curl, and triceps extension) on weight machines; (2) intensity: 2-3 sets of 6-8 repetitions of each exercise to neural fatigue, with 1 min of rest between sets and exercises; loads increased by 5% when participants could perform 10 repetitions;
Aerobic exercise: (1) type: cycle ergometer; (2) intensity: progressed from 65 to 85% of heart rate reserve during the first 2 weeks and maintained thereafter
Yavari 2012 [32] / 12 months / Resistance exercise: (1) type: 10 machine based exercises for upper and lower body (bench press, seated row, shoulder press, chest press, lateral pulldown, abdominal crunches, leg press, leg extension, triceps pushdown and seated bicep curls); (2) intensity: progressed from 1-2 sets during the first month to 3 sets of 8-10 repetitions of each exercise (with a 90- 120 s rest between sets) thereafter, at 75-80% 1 repetition maximum (for weeks 1 and 2: 60% of 1 repetition maximum);
Aerobic exercise: (1) type: treadmill, elliptical or bicycle ergometers; (2) intensity: progressed from 60 to 75% of max heart rate
Electronic Supplementary Material, Appendix 2: Detailed description of the exercise programmes (continued)