Dynasties, Conquest, and Faith: The Rise of Islam
WHAP/Napp
Cues: / Notes:I. The Caliphate
A. When Muhammad died unexpectedly in 632, Abu Bakr, one of his first followers in ______, became caliph
B. Caliphà head of state, military commander, chief judge, religious leader
1. Ruled an empire but also made pronouncements on religious doctrine
2. A theocracyàgovernment ruled by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as being divinely guided
3. Because it was ruled by a caliph, the theocratic Islamic Empire was referred to as a ______
4. While the caliphs began to behave more like hereditary rulers, there was no clear line of successionàcaused a great deal of ______down the road
C. The First Four Caliphs
1. Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali
a) Ali was ______and was succeeded by his son, Hasan
b) Under pressure from prominent family in Mecca, Hasan relinquished title, leading to establishment of Umayyad Dynasty
II. The Umayyad Dynasty
A. Capital moved to Damascus, Syria, although Meccaàspiritual center
B. Arabic became the ______language of government
C. Conquered subjects were “encouraged” to convert to Islam in order to establish a common faith throughout the empire
1. Those who chose not to convert were forced to pay a ______(jizya)
D. Empire grew enormouslyàextending as far as northern African and into Spain (ruled the southern Iberian peninsula from the city of Córdoba)
1. Charles ______, Frank, stopped Muslim advance towards Paris
E. Despite successes (the Dome of the Rock was built in Jerusalem and Córdoba was one of the richest cities in Europe), problems with succession
1. Muslims split into two camps, Shi’ite and ______
a) Shi’ite (Shia) Islam holds that Mohammad’s son-in-law, Ali, was the rightful heir to the empire, based on Mohammad’s comments to Ali
b) Sunnis believe that the leaders of the empire should be drawn from a broad base of the people
c) As the Shia began to assert themselves more dramatically, the Umayyad Dynasty went into ______, and ultimate demise
III. The Abbasid Dynasty
A. Against the forces of Abu al-Abbas (a descendent of Mohammad’s uncle who was supported by the descendents of Ali, the Shia, and the Mawali – non-Arab Muslims), the Umayyad Empire was defeated
B. Established Abbasid Dynasty around 750 in all areas except ______
Summaries:
Cues: / C. Dates: 750 to 1258 (Until Islamic Empire defeated by Mongols)
D. Ups and downs but experienced a golden age, from the early to mid-ninth century, during which the arts and sciences ______
E. Built a magnificent capital at Baghdad, which became one of the great cultural centers of the world
F. Importance of tradeàMerchants introduced the unique idea of creditàfreed from danger and burden of carrying ______
G. ManufacturingàSteel was produced for use in swords
H. Advances in Math and Sciences
1. Mohammad al-Razi published a massive medical encyclopedia
2. Expanded knowledge learned from ______; contributions in algebra
I. Papermaking
1. Defeated Tang Chinese army during the Battle of Talus River in 751 CE
2. Chinese prisoners of war were carrying _____ moneyàfigured out how to make paperàstocked libraries/universities with scholarship
J. Location of Muslim empire at the crossroads of Europe and Asia allowed to monopolize ______routes
K. Preservation of Greek and Roman learning
1. Islamic Empire is credited with playing a significant role in preserving Western culture (like the ______)
L. Crusades and Rediscovery
1. Muslims and Christians battled for control of Levant (present-day Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon) during ______
2. Europe found its own history among the other treasures preserved in Arabic libraries and museums
M. Often tolerant
1. Muslims were often tolerant of local customs of the areas they conquered – although Christians and Jews were persecuted in Levant
N. Sufis
1. Islamic mysticsàwere its most effective ______
2. Stressed a personal relationship with Allahàmade Islam highly adaptable to different circumstances
O. Women
1. While women remained subservient to men, women began to be treated with more dignity, had some legal rights, considered _____ before Allah
2. Infanticide forbidden and after a divorce, dowry returned to woman
3. But a man allowed four wives and land passed to males
4. A woman’s testimony in courtàonly half weight of a man’s testimony
5. And women were ______in public – although this custom began in Mesopotamia and Persiaàadopted by Islamic society
P. The Islamic empire regularly endured internal struggles and ______wars
1. Turkish slaves, or mamluks, revolted and established a new capital at Samarra in central Iraq and new Shia dynasty in Iran
2. External foes too: the Persians, Europeans, Byzantines, and Mongols
a) Mongols destroyed the city of Baghdad in 1258
Summaries:
Questions:
· Describe the role of the caliph.
· How did the death of Muhammad affect the Islamic world?
· Explain the rise of the Umayyad dynasty.
· What factors led to the collapse of the Umayyad dynasty.
· Explain the Sunni and Shi’ite split.
· Describe the Abbasid dynasty.
· Discuss the Islamic golden age.
· What factors led to the collapse of the Abbasid dynasty.
1. Which of the following is true of the Sufis?(A) They were very effective missionaries
(B) They sought and emotional and mystical union with Allah.
(C) They used emotional sermons and song and dance to encourage devotion.
(D) They tolerated observances of some non-Islamic customs.
(E) All of the above.
2. The Five Pillars are to Muslims as
(A) The hadith is to Muslims.
(B) The Noble Eightfold Path is to Buddhists.
(C) The four Vedas are to Aryans.
(D) The book of Genesis is to Christians.
(E) None of the above.
3. During Abbasid times, the Arabs learned from China the technique of making
(A) Fine silk.
(B) Wood block prints.
(C) Gunpowder and cannons.
(D) Paper.
(E) All of the above. / 4. Islamic Spain, known as al-Andalus, was
(A) Controlled by Muslim Berber conquerors.
(B) Not part of the Abbasid Empire.
(C) The source of a failed invasion of France.
(D) The home of Ibn Rashd (Averroes).
(E) All of the above.
5. Which of the following was not a right of Islamic women?
(A) They could legally inherit property and divorce husbands.
(B) They could engage in business ventures.
(C) They were equal to men before Allah, not the property of men.
(D) They could take up to four husbands, just as a man could take up to four wives.
(E) None of the above.
6. Which of the following is true of the early caliphs?
(A) The early caliphs quickly rejected many of Muhammad’s teachings.
(B) The caliph was strictly a political leader, not a religious leader.
(C) The early caliphs were unanimously agreed upon by the umma.
(D) The early caliphs concentrated on religious doctrine, not expansion.
(E) None of the above.
Excerpt from ucalgary.ca
Muslim physicians were responsible for many notable developments in the field of medicine. While European "hospitals" at this time were usually simply monasteries where the sick were told they would live or die according to God's will, not human intervention, Muslim hospitals pioneered the practices of diagnosis, cure, and future prevention. The first hospital in the Islamic world was built in Damascus in 707, and soon most major Islamic cities had hospitals, in which hygiene was emphasized and healing was a priority. Hospitals were open 24 hours a day and many doctors did not charge for their services. The medical school at the University of Jundishapur, once the capital of Sassanid Persia, became the largest in the Islamic world by the 9th century. Its location in Central Asia allowed it to incorporate medical practices from Greece, China, and India, as well as developing new techniques and theories.
Al-Razi, a 9th century Persian physician, made the first major Muslim contribution to medicine when he developed treatments for smallpox and measles. He also made significant observations about hay fever, kidney stones, and scabies, and first used opium as an anesthetic. A generation later, Ibn Sina earned his place as one of the greatest physicians in the world, with his most famous book used in European medical schools for centuries. He is credited with discovering the contagious nature of diseases like tuberculosis, which he correctly concluded could be transmitted through the air, and led to the introduction of quarantine as a means of limiting the spread of such infectious diseases. Other Muslim physicians accurately diagnosed the plague, diphtheria, leprosy, rabies, diabetes, gout, epilepsy, and hemophilia long before the rest of the world. In the 10th century, Al-Zahravi first conducted surgery for the eye, ear, and throat, as well as performing amputations and cauterizations. He also invented several surgical instruments, including those for the inner ear, the throat, and the urethra.
Muslims also advanced the field of pharmacology. They experimented with the medical effects of various herbs and other drugs, and familiarized themselves with anesthetics used in India. There is evidence that some Muslim physicians also adopted the practice of acupuncture from China. Despite many advancements in medicine, however, Muslim physicians still based their work on the idea of the ancient Greek, Galen, that the body was made up of the same four elements as the world in general - earth, air, fire, and water. Contrary to Christian beliefs, Muslim physicians concluded that illness was not due to supernatural forces, but rather to an imbalance in the body's elements, which physicians were able, in many cases, to correct.
Thesis Statement: Continuity and Change Over Time: Succession after Muhammad
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