Dataset for
Comparative r->t transformation in Latin and Malayalam:
Implications for Historical Linguistics
Dr. V N Bhattathiri, PhD
Article published in Monthly of Dravidian Linguistics Association:
Words extracted from
Online Etymology Dictionary
Total verbs ending in -ate=445; Medieval Latin=54, Late Latin=45; Others period not specified.
abalienate (v.)
1550s, from Latin abalienatus, past participle of abalienare "to remove, literally "to make
alien," from ab- (see ab-) + alienare (see alienate). Related: Abalienated; abalienating.
abbreviate (v.)
mid-15c., from Latin abbreviatus, past participle of abbreviare "to shorten" (see
abbreviation). Also sometimes 15c. abbrevy, from Middle French abrevier (14c.), from
Latin abbreviare. Related: Abbreviated; abbreviating.
abdicate (v.)
1540s, "to disown, disinherit (children)," from Latin abdicatus, past participle of abdicare
"to disown, disavow, reject" (specifically abdicare magistratu "renounce office"), from
ab- "away" (see ab-) + dicare "proclaim," from stem of dicere "to speak, to say" (see
diction). Meaning "divest oneself of office" first recorded 1610s. Related: Abdicated;
abdicating.
abnegate (v.)
1650s, from Latin abnegatus, past participle of abnegare "to refuse, deny" (see
abnegation). Related: Abnegated; abnegating.
abominate (v.)
1640s, back-formation from abomination or from Latin abominatus, past participle of
abominari (see abomination). Related: Abominated; abominating.
abrogate (v.)
1520s, from Latin abrogatus, past participle of abrogare "to annul, repeal (a law)," from
ab- "away" (see ab-) + rogare "propose a law, request" (see rogation). Form abrogen,
from Old French abroger, is recorded from early 15c. Related: Abrogated; abrogating.
accelerate (v.)
1520s, from Latin acceleratus, past participle of accelerare "to hasten, to quicken," from
ad- "to" (see ad-) + celerare "hasten," from celer "swift" (see celerity). Related:
Accelerated; accelerating.
accentuate (v.)
1731, from Medieval Latin accentuatus, past participle of accentuare "to accent," from
Latin accentus (see accent (n.)). Originally "to pronounce with an accent;" meaning
"emphasize" is recorded from 1865.
You've got to accentuate the positive
Eliminate the negative
Latch on to the affirmative
Don't mess with Mister In-Between
["Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive," 1944, music by Harold Arlen, lyrics by
Johnny Mercer]
Related: Accentuated; accentuating.
accommodate (v.)
1530s, from Latin accomodatus "suitable," past participle of accomodare "make fit, adapt,
fit one thing to another," from ad- "to" (see ad-) + commodare "make fit," from
commodus "fit" (see commode). Related: Accommodated; accommodating.
accumulate (v.)
1520s, from Latin accumulatus, past participle of accumulare "to heap up" (see
accumulation). Related: Accumulated; accumulating.
actuate (v.)
1590s, from Medieval Latin actuatus, past participle of actuare, from Latin actus (see act
(n.)). Related: Actuated; actuating.
adjudicate (v.)
1700, from Latin adiudicatus, past participle of adiudicare (see adjudge). Related:
Adjudicated; adjudicating.
administrate (v.)
1630s, from Latin administratus, past participle of administrare (see administer). In
modern use a back-formation from administration. Related: Administrated;
administrating.
adulterate (v.)
1530s, back-formation from adulteration, or else from Latin adulteratus, past
participle of adulterare "to falsify, corrupt," also "to commit adultery." Earlier verb was
adulter (late 14c.). Related: Adulterated; adulterating.
adumbrate (v.)
"to outline, to sketch," 1580s, from Latin adumbratus "sketched, shadowed in outline,"
past participle of adumbrare "to represent (a thing) in outline" (see adumbration).
Meaning "to overshadow" is 1660s. Related: Adumbrated; adumbrating.
advocate (v.)
1640s, from advocate (n.). Related: Advocated; advocating; advocation.
affiliate (v.)
1761, from Latin affiliatus, past participle of affiliare "to adopt" (see affiliation).
Outside legal use, always figurative. Related: Affiliated; affiliating.
agglomerate (v.)
1680s, from Latin agglomeratus, past participle of agglomerare "to wind or add onto a
ball," from ad- "to" (see ad-) + glomerare "wind up in a ball," from glomus (genitive
glomeris) "ball of yarn," from PIE root *glem-. Related: Agglomerated; agglomerating.
of agglutinare (see agglutination). Related: Agglutinated; agglutinating.
aggravate (v.)
1520s, "make heavy, burden down," from past participle adjective aggravate "burdened;
threatened" (late 15c.), from Latin aggravatus, past participle of aggravare "to render
more troublesome," literally "to make heavy" (see aggravation). Earlier in this sense
was aggrege (late 14c.). Meaning "to make a bad thing worse" is from 1590s; that of
"exasperate, annoy" is from 1610s.
To aggravate has properly only one meaning -- to make (an evil) worse or
more serious. [Fowler]
aggregate (v.)
c.1400, from Latin aggregatum, neuter past participle of aggregare (see aggregate
(adj.)). Related: Aggregated; aggregating.
agitate (v.)
1580s, "to disturb," from Latin agitatus, past participle of agitare "to put in constant
motion, drive onward, impel," frequentative of agere "to move, drive" (see agitation).
Literal sense of "move to and fro, shake" is from 1590s. Related: Agitated; agitating.
alienate (v.)
1540s, "make estranged" (in feelings or affections), from Latin alienatus, past participle of
alienare "to make another's, estrange," from alienus "of or belonging to another person or
place," from alius "(an)other" (see alias (adv.)). Related: Alienated; alienating.
alleviate (v.)
late 15c., from Middle French allevier or directly from Late Latin alleviatus, past
participle of alleviare "to lighten," from Latin ad- "to" (see ad-) + levis "light" in weight
(see lever). Related: Alleviated; alleviating.
allocate (v.)
1630s, from verbal used of adjective allocate (mid-15c. in legal use), from Medieval Latin
allocate (the common first word of writs authorizing payment), imperative plural of
allocare "allocate," from Latin ad- "to" (see ad-) + locare "to place" (see locate).
Related: Allocated; allocating.
altercate (v.)
1520s, "to contend with words," from Latin altercatus, past participle of altercari (see
altercation).
alternate (v.)
1590s, from Latin alternatus, past participle of alternare (see alternate (adj.)).
Replaced Middle English alternen "to vary, alternate" (early 15c.). Related: Alternated;
alternating.
ambulate (v.)
1620s, from Latin ambulatus, past participle of ambulare "to walk" (see amble).
Related: Ambulated; ambulating.
amputate (v.)
1630s, back-formation from amputation or else from Latin amputatus, past participle
of amputare "to cut off, to prune." Related: Amputated; amputating.
animate (v.)
1530s, "to fill with boldness or courage," from Latin animatus past participle of animare
"give breath to," also "to endow with a particular spirit, to give courage to," from anima
"life, breath" (see animus). Sense of "give life to" in English attested from 1742. Related:
annihilate (v.)
1520s, from an obsolete adjective meaning "reduced to nothing" (late 14c.), originally the
past participle of a verb, anihil, from Old French annichiler (14c.), from Late Latin
annihilare "to reduce to nothing," from Latin ad- "to" (see ad-) + nihil "nothing" (see
nil). Related: Annihilated; annihilating.
annotate (v.)
1733, from Latin annotatus, past participle of annotare "to note down" (see
annotation). Related: Annotated; annotating. Not in Johnson's "Dictionary," but used
therein in defining comment. Form annote is recorded from mid-15c. Related: Annotated;
annotating.
annunciate (v.)
1530s, from past participle adjective annunciate (late 14c.) or directly from Latin
annunciatus, misspelling of annuntiatus, past participle of annuntiare (see announce).
In some cases perhaps a back-formation from annunciation. Related: Annunciated;
annunciating.
anticipate (v.)
1530s, "to cause to happen sooner," a back-formation from anticipation, or else from
Latin anticipatus, past participle of anticipare "take (care of) ahead of time," literally
"taking into possession beforehand," from ante "before" (see ante) + capere "to take"
(see capable).
Later "to be aware of (something) coming at a future time" (1640s). Used in the sense of
"expect, look forward to" since 1749, but anticipate has an element of "prepare for,
forestall" that should prevent its being used as a synonym for expect. Related:
Anticipated; anticipating.
appreciate (v.)
1650s, "to esteem or value highly," from Late Latin appretiatus, past participle of
appretiare "to set a price to" (see appraise). Meaning "to rise in value" (intransitive)
first recorded 1789. Related: Appreciated; appreciating.
approbate (v.)
late 15c., from Latin approbatus, past participle of approbare "to assent to (as good),
favor" (see approve). Related: Approbated; approbating.
appropriate (v.)
early 15c., "take possession of," from Late Latin appropriatus, past participle of
appropriare, adpropriare (c.450) "to make one's own," from Latin ad- "to" (see ad-) +
propriare "take as one's own," from proprius "one's own" (see proper). Related:
Appropriated; appropriating.
apricate (v.)
1690s, "to bask in the sun," from Latin apricatus, past participle of apricari "to bask in
the sun," from apricus "exposed" (to the sun); perhaps contracted from *apericus, from
aperire "to open" (see overt). Transitive sense is recorded from 1851.
arbitrate (v.)
1580s (arbitrable is recorded from 1530s), "to give an authoritative decision," from Latin
arbitratus, past participle of arbitrari "be of an opinion, give a decision," from arbiter
(see arbiter). Meaning "to act as an arbitrator" is from 1610s. Related: Arbitrated;
arbitrating. The earlier verb form was arbitren (early 15c.).
arrogate (v.)
1530s, from Latin arrogatus, past participle of arrogare "to claim for oneself" (see
arrogance). Related: Arrogated; arrogating.
articulate (v.)
1590s, "to divide speech into distinct parts" (earlier "to formally bring charges against,"
1550s), from Latin articulatus, past participle of articulare "to separate into joints," also
"to utter distinctly," from articulus "joint" (see article). Generalized sense of "express in
words" is from 1690s. Literal sense, "to join, to attach by joints," is attested from 1610s.
Earlier senses, "to set forth in articles," "to bring a charge against" (1560s) now are
obsolete or nearly so. Related: Articulated; articulating.
asperate (v.)
1650s, "make rough," from Latin asperatus, past participle of asperare "to roughen, make
rough, exasperate," from asper "rough" (see asperity). Related: Asperated; asperating.
aspirate (v.)
"to pronounce with audible breath," 1700; perhaps a back-formation from aspiration
(n.2), or from French aspirer or directly from Latin aspiratus, past participle of aspirare
(see aspire). Related: Aspirated; aspirating.
assassinate (v.)
1610s, from past participle stem of Medieval Latin assassinare (see assassin). Of
reputations, characters, etc., from 1620s. Related: Assassinated; assassinating.
asseverate (v.)
1791, from Latin asseveratus, past participle of asseverare "to affirm, insist on, maintain,"
from ad- "to" (see ad-) + severus "serious, severe" (see severe). Related: Asseverated;
asseverating.
assimilate (v.)
early 15c., from Latin assimilatus "feigned, pretended, fictitious," past participle of
assimilare "to make like," from ad- "to" (see ad-) + simulare "make similar," from similis
"like, resembling" (see similar). Originally transitive (with to); intransitive use first
recorded 1837. Related: Assimilated; assimilating.
associate (v.)
mid-15c., from Latin associatus past participle of associare "join with," from ad- "to" (see
ad-) + sociare "unite with," from socius "companion" (see social (adj.)). Related:
Associated; associating. Earlier form of the verb was associen (late 14c.), from Old French
associier "associate (with)."
attenuate (v.)
"to make thin, to make less," 1520s, from Latin attenuatus "enfeebled, weak," past
participle of attenuare "to make thin, lessen, diminish," from ad- "to" (see ad-) + tenuare
"make thin," from tenuis "thin" (see tenet). Related: Attenuated; attenuating. Earlier was
Middle English attenuen "to make thin (in consistency)," early 15c.
auscultate (v.)
"to listen" (especially with a stethoscope), 1832, from Latin auscultatus, past participle of
auscultare "to listen attentively to," from aus-, from auris "ear" (see ear (n.1)); "the rest
is doubtful" [OED]. Tucker suggests the second element is akin to clinere "to lean, bend."
authenticate (v.)
"verify, establish the credibility of," 1650s, from Medieval Latin authenticatus, past
participle of authenticare, from authenticus (see authentic). Related: Authenticated;
authenticating.
bombinate (v.)
"make a buzzing noise," 1865, from Latin bombinare, corrupted from bombitare "to hum,
buzz," from bombus "a deep, hollow sound; hum, buzz," echoic. Related: Bombinated;
bombinating.
cachinnate (v.)
"to laugh loudly or immoderately," 1824, from Latin cachinnatum, past participle of
cachinnare (see cachinnation). Related: Cachinnated; cachinnating.
calculate (v.)
1560s, "to compute, to estimate by mathematical means," from Latin calculatus, past
participle of calculare "to reckon, compute," from calculus (see calculus). Meaning "to
plan, devise" is from 1650s. Replaced earlier calculen (mid-14c.), from Old French
calculer. Related: Calculable.
calumniate (v.)
1550s, from Latin calumniatus, past participle of calumniari "to accuse falsely," from
calumnia "slander, false accusation" (see calumny). Related: Calumniated;
calumniating.
capitulate (v.)
1570s, "to draw up in chapters" (i.e., under "heads"), in part a back-formation from
capitulation, in part from Medieval Latin capitulatus, past participle of capitulare "to
draw up in heads or chapters, arrange conditions." Often of terms of surrender, hence
meaning "to yield on stipulated terms" (1680s). Related: Capitulated; capitulating.
captivate (v.)
1520s, "to enthrall with charm," from Late Latin captivatus, past participle of captivare
"to take, capture," from captivus (see captive). Literal sense (1550s) is rare or obsolete in
English, which uses capture (q.v.). Latin captare "to take, hold" also had a transferred
sense of "to entice, entrap, allure." Related: Captivated; captivating; captivatingly.
castigate (v.)
c.1600, from Latin castigatus, past participle of castigare "to correct, set right; purify;
chastise, punish," from castus "pure" (see caste) + agere "to do" (see act (n.)). The
notion behind the word is "make someone pure by correcting or reproving him."
If thou didst put this soure cold habit on To castigate thy pride, 'twere well.
[Shakespeare, "Timon" IV.iii (1607)]
Related: Castigated; castigating; castigator; castigatory.
castrate (v.)
1610s (implied in castrated), back-formation from castration (q.v.), or from Latin
castratus, past participle of castrare. The figurative sense is attested earlier (1550s).
Related: Castrating.
catechize (v.)
early 15c., from Church Latin catechizare "to teach by word of mouth" (also source of
French catéchiser, Spanish catequizar, Italian catechizzare), from Greek katekhizein
"teach orally, instruct by word of mouth," from katekhein "to resound" (see catechesis).
Related: Catechized; catechizing.
celebrate (v.)
mid-15c., originally of the Mass, from Latin celebratus "much-frequented; kept solemn;
famous," past participle of celebrare "assemble to honor," also "to publish; sing praises of;
practice often," originally "to frequent in great numbers," from celeber "frequented,
populous, crowded;" with transferred senses of "well-attended; famous; often-repeated."
Related: Celebrated; celebrating.
circulate (v.)
1540s (late 15c. as a past participle adjective), as a chemical term for alternating
vaporization and condensation, from Latin circulatus, past participle of circulare "to form
a circle," from circulus (see circle (n.)). Meaning "to move around, revolve" is from
1670s; of blood, from 1650s; of persons, "to mingle in a social gathering," from 1863.
Sense of "to pass about freely" is from 1660s; of newspapers from 1885. Related:
Circulated; circulating.
circumambulate (v.)
1650s, from Latin circumambulatus, past participle of circumambulare "to walk around,"
from circum "around" (see circum-) + ambulare "to walk" (see amble). Related:
Circumambulated; circumambulating; circumambulation.
circumnavigate (v.)
1630s, from Latin circumnavigatus, past participle of circumnavigare "to sail round,"
from circum "around" (see circum-) + navigare (see navigation). Related:
Circumnavigated; circumnavigating; circumnavigable.
coagulate (v.)
early 15c., from Latin coagulatus, past participle of coagulare "to cause to curdle," from
cogere "to curdle, collect" (see cogent). Earlier coagule, c.1400, from Middle French
coaguler. Related: Coagulated; coagulating.
cogitate (v.)
late 16c., from Latin cogitatus, past participle of cogitare "to think" (see cogitation).
Related: Cogitated; cogitating.
cohabitate (v.)
1630s, from Late Latin cohabitatus, past participle of cohabitare (see cohabitation).
Related: Cohabitated; cohabitating.
colligate (v.)
1540s, from Latin colligatus, past participle of colligare "to bind together," from com-
"together" (see com-) + ligare "to bind" (see ligament). As a concept in logic, from
1837; in linguistics, from 1953. Related: Colligation.
collocate (v.)
1510s, from Latin collocatus, past participle of collocare "to arrange, place together, set in
a place," from com- "together" (see com-) + locare "to place" (see locate). Meaning
"conference, consultation" is mid-14c. Related: collocated; collocating.
commemorate (v.)
1590s, from Latin commemoratus, past participle of commemorare "bring to
remembrance" (see commemoration). Related: Commemorated; commemorates;
commemorating.
commiserate (v.)
c.1600, from Latin commiseratus, past participle of commiserari "to pity, bewail" (see
commiseration). Related: Commiserated; commiserating. An Old English
loan-translation of commiserate was efensargian.
communicate (v.)
1520s, "to impart" (information, etc.), from Latin communicatus, past participle of
communicare "impart, inform" (see communication). Meaning "to share, transmit"
(diseases, etc.) is from 1530s. Related: Communicated; communicating.
compensate (v.)
1640s, "to be equivalent;" 1650s, "to counterbalance, make up for," from Latin