Bio Honors Final Exam Study Guide Name
Genetics
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1. What are sex-linked traits?
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2. Who determines what the sex of an offspring will be?
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3. What happens if a cell goes through non-disjunction?
4. Consider a cross between a homozygous white-eyed female Drosophila and a red-eyed male Drosophila. Eye color is a sex-linked gene in flies and red eyes are dominant to white eyes. What percent of the female offspring would be expected to be white-eyed?
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5. What are different forms of a particular gene called?
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6. What is cellular process where the segregation of alleles occurs?
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7. The portion of a DNA molecule containing the coded instructions that result in a particular characteristic of an organism is called
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8. An organism’s ______refers to the set of alleles it has inherited.
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9. A situation in which both alleles for a trait are expressed independently in a heterozygous offspring is called?
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10. A pattern of heredity in which a heterozygous individual has a phenotype that is intermediate between the phenotypes of its two homozygous parents is called ______.
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11. Linked genes can be separated from each other in meiosis if ______occurs.
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12. A______trait is one in which males and females can show different phenotypes even when they have the same genotype
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13. A person who is heterozygous for a recessive disorder is called?
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14. By studying ______, genetic counselors can study how a trait was inherited over several generations.
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15. In a F1 generation cross of a typical Mendel experiment, what is the probability (ratio) that the offspring (F2) will receive the different genotype combinations?
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16. The pedigree traces the inheritance of attached earlobes, which is a dominant trait. Shaded means attached earlobes, while un-shaded means free ear lobes. What is the genotype of each individual?
17. Hemophilia is a recessive sex-linked disorder on the X chromosome. If a normal male and a carrier female reproduce, how likely are the daughters to have hemophilia?
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18. Hemophilia is a recessive sex-linked disorder on the X chromosome. If a normal male and a carrier female reproduce, how likely are the sons to have hemophilia?
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19. If a person with AB blood type reproduces with a person with heterozygous B blood type, what are the possible genotypes of their offspring?
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20. In dogs, black fur is dominant over brown fur and long tails are dominant over short tails. If 2 dogs that are hybrids for both traits reproduce, what is the PHENOTYPIC RATIO?
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21. In tomatoes, green stems are dominant over purple stems. If a Gg tomato plant and a Gg tomato plant reproduced, what is the PHENOTYPIC RATIO?
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22. In human hair texture, curly hair is incompletely dominant over straight hair. The intermediate phenotype is wavy hair. What is the probability of having a child with straight hair if two wavy haired people have kids?
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23. Due to an unfortunate mix up at the hospital, the nurses were not sure which of three babies belonged to Mr. and Mrs. Jackson. The nurses tested the blood types of all the babies and the Jackson’s. Mr. Jackson was AB, while Mrs. Jackson was O. Baby 1 had blood type O, baby 2 had blood type AB, and baby 3 had blood type B. Which baby belonged to the Jackson’s?
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24. In cats, the allele for black fur is dominant to the allele for brown fur, and the allele for short hair is dominant to the allele for long hair. What are the possible phenotypes in a cross between a heterozygous black, long haired cat and a brown haired, homozygous short haired cat?
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25. In a certain type of flower, when a red flower is crossed with a white flower, a white and red speckled flower is produced. What is the probability of getting a white flower if two speckled flowers are crossed?
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26. This is a type of mutation where a piece of the chromosome is reversed?
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27. Which genetic disorder results from trisomy of the 21st chromosome, somatic cells that contain 47 total chromosomes and is caused by non-disjunction?
28. Skin color, eye color, and height are examples of ______type of traits?
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29. Who is considered the father of genetics?
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30. What is a dominant trait? Recessive trait?
31. Name Mendel’s generations and describe what they are.
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32. The offspring receives traits from its parents, this is called?
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33. The inheritance of 1 trait having no effect on the inheritance of another is known as what law?
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34. What is the law of segregation?
35. What is phenotype?
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36. In guinea pigs, brown fur is dominant over white fur. Consider the following cross between two guinea pigs. If a BB male and a bb female guinea pig had babies, what would the probability be that their offspring would have white fur?
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37. In humans, having a widow’s peak is dominant over not having one. If a Ww male and a Ww female have offspring, what would the probability be for that child to have the genotype Ww?
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38. If an individual inherits 2 of the same alleles for a single gene it is called?
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39. In humans, the X and Y chromosomes are called the
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40. When a piece of chromosome attaches itself to a non-homologous chromosome, the resulting mutation is called
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41. What traits are controlled by multiple alleles in humans?
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42. What would be the blood type of a person who inherited a B allele from one parent and an O allele from the other?
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43. PKU is a recessive genetic disorder. If both parents are carriers of the disorder, what is the chance that their child will develop the disease?
Evolution
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1. During drought years on a group of isolated islands, small easily eaten seeds become rare, leaving mostly large, hard-cased seeds that only birds with large beaks can eat. If the drought persists for several years what should one expect to result from natural selection?
2. In a pond there are 2 types of fishes, pike and blue-gills. Pikes eat the blue-gills and use their eye sight to hunt them down and kill them. According to natural selection, what are some possible adaptations?
3. The estimated age of Earth is approximately
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4. The half-life of Uranium 235 is 7 million years. In a fossil, 1/4 of the original Uranium is left. How old is the sample?
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5. To obtain the age of fossils, scientists use radiometric dating, which involves...
6. Which of the following gas is in our atmosphere today that was NOT before life formed?
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7. In their experiment using similar conditions to Earth's early atmosphere, Miller and Urey produced
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8. How is RNA related to life forming on Earth?
9. What modern kingdom most closely resembles the first cells?
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10. What is the difference between photosynthetic organisms and chemosynthetic organisms?
11. Many scientists think that early small prokaryotes invaded or were engulfed by larger cells and eventually gave rise to eukaryotes. This process is called...
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12. Where did Darwin observe the many varieties of finches that helped support his theory of Natural Selection?
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13. According to his theories, the different species of finches that Darwin observed, had a common ancestor from where?
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14. The process by which a population becomes better suited to its environment is known as
15. Natural selection is the process by which
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16. Why do populations of the same species living in different places often become different species?
17. This pattern of evolution occurs with periods of rapid change followed by longer periods with little or no change
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18. What are the structures in the diagram called and what do they tell you about the evolution of these creatures?
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19. The wings of a bird, moth, and bat all have the same function (flight), although they are not the result of a common ancestor between these organisms. The wings are
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20. The occurrence of the same or very similar amino acid sequence for a protein in a group of species provides evidence that these species
21. What type of population is most susceptible to loss of genetic variability as a result of genetic drift?
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22. Reproductive isolation differs from geographic isolation in that
23. is the study of evolution from a genetic point of view
24. What evidence did we learn about that supports evolution?
Use the information and the chart below to answer the following question.
Cytochrome c is a protein that is involved in cellular respiration in all eukaryotic organisms. Human cytochrome c contains 104 amino acids. The following table compares human cytochrome c with cytochrome c from a number of other organisms
Organism / Number of cytochrome c amino acidsthat differ from human cytochrome c amino acids
Chickens / 18
Chimpanzees / 0
Dogs / 13
Rattlesnakes / 20
Rhesus monkeys / 1
Yeasts / 56
25. List the organisms from most closely related to humans to least closely related?
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26. What type of evidence is the chart for #20?
27. Over millions of years, zebras and lions have evolved to be incredibly fast in response to each other's influence. This is an example of...
28. What can be used to help hypothesize why the allele frequency of a population changes the way it does?
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29. Natural selection acts on what?
30. What are the major parts of Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection?
31. The movement of alleles into or out of a population due to migration is called
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32. If one fish population is separated by a dam, the two populations may evolve into different species due to...
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33. Bird species A and bird species B live in the same tree, but do not mate because they do not recognize each other's mating calls. This is an example of...
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34. Scientists have inferred that the first cells were
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35. A biologist analyzes the DNA sequences in three different primates. The biologist finds that primates A and C have nearly identical DNA sequences. The DNA sequences in primate B are significantly different from those of primate A. From this information, what can you infer?
36. Variation in genotype is caused by what?
37. Major limitations of the morphological concept of species are what? there may be a great deal of phenotypic variability in a species, organisms that actually can interbreed may have very different physical characteristics, and it does not consider whether individuals of a species can mate and produce viable offspring
38. Label what each of the graphs below is showing.
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39. A certain population of cacti range in the number of needles the smallest number is 5 needles per cm2 the high end is 15 per cm2. Due to animals eating the cacti with a lower number needles the population now ranges from 10 per cm2 needles to 15 per cm2 needles. Which of the above graphs would fit this evolution pattern?
40. A praying mantis living deep in a rain forest looks almost exactly like a leaf of the tree it lives in. This is an example of what type of predation selection?
41. The largest and most influence force driving evolution is?
Human Anatomy
1. Which of the following is the correct order for the levels of organization from smallest to largest?
2. Involuntary and self protective movements are called
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3. This system provides structure and protects internal organs.
4. This system breaks down macromolecules to make energy.
5. This system sends signals from the brain throughout the body.
6. This system is responsible for movement of bones.
7. This system moves oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.
8. What are moderate fevers (below 103ºF) designed to do?
9. What makes up the CNS?
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10. What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?
11. Neurons carry messages in what form?
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12. Rheumatoid arthritis is a crippling disease of the joints. Sometimes a sufferer from this disease will say that he or she can feel the ends of the bone rubbing together. What 2 features are probably missing that normally are located in joints?
13. What is Homeostasis and how does it affect the body?
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14. Groups of muscles are held together by tissue
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15. Which type of tissue lines hollow organs and the surface of the body?
16. A human heart has chambers
17. Where does the majority of digestion take place?
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18. What are the major functions of the liver?
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19. What muscle allows you to breathe?
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20. Arteries carry blood the heart, while veins carry blood the heart
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21. Blood, bone, and cartilage are examples of
22. What is the axial skeleton?
23. Label the following diagrams