Chapter 2 – Review Book
Minerals, Rocks, Resources
Define the Vocabulary
1. banding ___________________________________________________________________________
2. bioclastic __________________________________________________________________________
3. cement ____________________________________________________________________________
4. clastic _____________________________________________________________________________
5. cleavage and cleavage planes___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6. contact metamorphism _______________________________________________________________
7. crystal _____________________________________________________________________________
8. crystalline sedimentary rock ___________________________________________________________
9. evaporite __________________________________________________________________________
10. extrusive __________________________________________________________________________
11. felsic _____________________________________________________________________________
12. foliation ___________________________________________________________________________
13. fossil fuel _________________________________________________________________________
14. fracture __________________________________________________________________________
15. hardness __________________________________________________________________________
16. inorganic _________________________________________________________________________
17. intrusive __________________________________________________________________________
18. luster ____________________________________________________________________________
19. mafic_____________________________________________________________________________
20. Mohs scale ________________________________________________________________________
21. organic rock _______________________________________________________________________
22. origin ____________________________________________________________________________
23. plutonic __________________________________________________________________________
24. regional metamorphism _____________________________________________________________
25. rock cycle _________________________________________________________________________
26. silicates ___________________________________________________________________________
27. streak ____________________________________________________________________________
28. texture____________________________________________________________________________
29. vesicular __________________________________________________________________________
Questions
Mineral Resources
1. According to the text why are minerals important and essential? ______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
What are Minerals? Table 2-1 Common Minerals is page 16 of your ESRT
2. Minerals are:
a.___________________________________________________________________________________
b.___________________________________________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________________________________________
3. There are over 3000 minerals but less than 12 are found commonly. According to the text which minerals are close to Earth’s surface?_______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Most silicates are made of what 2 elements? ______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. Look at Figure 2-1. How does the amount of oxygen differ in the Composition of Earth’s crust by mass and Earth’s crust by Volume diagram? _________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6. Although many minerals have specific colors why is color not too useful for identifying minerals? ____
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7. What is the difference between metallic luster and non-metallic luster? ________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
8. Figure 2.2, using the text and diagram explain how to test for streak?__________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
9. According to the text and Figure 2-3, what are 3 types of crystal shapes?________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
10. What makes some minerals harder than others? __________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
11. On Mohs scale, what is the softest mineral (hardness of 1) and the hardest mineral (hardness of 10)? _________________________________________________________________________________
a. According to the text and figure 2-4:
What minerals can scratch window glass? ___________________________________________________
What minerals cannot scratch glass?_______________________________________________________
12. Give an example of a mineral with cleavage and a mineral with fracture? ______________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
MOST OF THE MINERALS WE STUDY SHOW CLEAVAGE – YOU WILL LOOK FOR PARALLEL “STEPS”
Unusual properties – Figure 2.6
13. According to the text, calcite has 2 unusual properties.
a. ___________________________________________________________________________________
b.___________________________________________________________________________________
Rocks
14. Most rocks contain one or more minerals. The text and Figure 2-7 shows the most common minerals in granite. What are they? _______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
15. How do geologists classify rocks?_______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
16. One of the main things geologists look at is texture. Why is texture important? _________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Igneous Rocks
17. When magma cools, it crystallizes – what does that mean? _________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
18. Why does slow cooling cause large crystals? _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
19. If a rock cools at or near Earth’s surface, what size are the crystals and why? ___________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
20. According to the text, what makes volcanic glass (obsidian) different from other igneous rocks? ___
_____________________________________________________________________________________
a. What causes this difference? ___________________________________________________________
Classification – Figure 2-8
21. What 2 characteristics are used to classify igneous rocks? __________________________________
22. In the last paragraph under the heading “classification”, what is the most important thing to remember about igneous rocks? __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Sedimentary Rocks
23. What are the 2 processes that form sedimentary rock? _____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
24. Sedimentary rocks form a thin layer and are the most common rocks on earth’s surface but what type of rocks are the most abundant (you must know the definition of the word “abundant” – it means plentiful) within Earth? __________________________________________________________________
25. There are several different Clastic Sedimentary rocks (Figure 2-11), shale, siltstone sandstone, conglomerate – how are they classified? ___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
26. How are organic or bioclastic sedimentary rocks different from clastic sedimentary rocks? _______
_____________________________________________________________________________________
27. How are crystalline sedimentary rocks formed? __________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Metamorphic Rocks
28. What changes take place deep inside earth that causes metamorphic rocks to form? _____________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
29. What is one reason metamorphic rocks are different from any other rock type? ________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
30. The process of metamorphism causes foliation but it can also cause banding? What is the one type of metamorphic rock that is banded? ______________________________________________________
31. What process causes metamorphic rock that is formed deep underground to show up on the surface? ______________________________________________________________________________
Rock Cycle
32. The rock cycle illustrates several important principles of geology. The first two principles are that rocks form from other rocks and rocks are classified by their origin. What is the 3rd principle? _________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
33. The most important statement is the first sentence of the last paragraph – what does the rock cycle illustrate? ____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________