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Ch 5b Mineral Notes
I. Chemical Composition of Minerals
A. The following must be true to be a mineral:
1. ___________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
3. Has a definite chemical ______________________ (combined in definite
proportions)
4. ___________________________________________________________
5. Is _________________________
Ex. 1. ___________________________
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
B. Minerals form when:
1. Magma solidifies
l atoms ______________________________________ in magma
l atoms move _________________________________________
l atoms ___________________________________________________________
l the _______________________________________________________________
l fast cooling rate = ______________ crystals
2. Water containing dissolved ions evaporates
l different minerals can be formed by _____________________________________
_________________________
C. Crystals
l organized structure of a mineral that has _________________________________,
with _______________________________
called crystal faces
D. Native Minerals
Ü minerals composed of single elements
Ü ex. Au – _________ Ag - _____________
Cu - ____________ S - ______________
C - ________________
E. Non-minerals
1. Water- _____________________________________
2. Glass- ________________________
3. Pearl-_________________________
4. Coal- _____________________________________________________
II. Physical Properties of Minerals
A. Mineral Properties
1. ___________________is the first thing someone notices when they view a mineral.
Ø __________________________ property for identification of minerals.
Ø Many minerals have different _____________
Ø Some minerals' _______________________________________________________
a. Cause of Color in Minerals:
Ü Absorption or lack of absorption, of various wavelengths of light.
Ü ________________________________________________________________.
Ü Most are usually ___________________________________________________.
Ü ________________________________________________________________
Ü Ex. _________________________________________________________
b. Examples of Mineral Color:
– Azurite = ____________________ --Malachite = ___________________
– Sulfur = ______________________ --Hornblende = _________________
– Olivine = __________________ --Graphite = ________________
– Calcite = ____________________________
– Halite = ____________________________
2. Streak
Ü _________________________________________
Ü Obtained by ______________________________ across the surface of a hard, __________________ material called a __________________________.
· Color of the ________________ may be different than the color of the ____________
· A streak plate is only __________________________________ and a mineral harder
than 6.5 ________________________________________
a. Similar Color But Different Streak
Ü _________________ and ______________ are both _____________________
Ü __________________________________ is _________________, while _______________is __________________.
Ü ___________________ (known as "Fool's Gold") is always _____________________when found in crystals
Ü _________________ produces a __________________________________________.
Ü ______________________ streak by the way is ______________________
3. Hardness
Ü ___________________________________________________________________
Ü A ____________________________________________________________________. A ____________________________________________________ but a ____________ mineral ________________________________________ (no matter how hard you try).
a. Dust Trails
Ü Don't be fooled by a __________________________________________________" by a softer mineral.
Ü ______________________________ the softer mineral scratched the harder mineral
Ü In actuality the _______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ü Always blow air over the scratch or rub across the scratch to be sure it's a scratch.
b. Moh’s Scale of Hardness
Ü Softest to Hardest
4. Cleavage
Ü A _________________________ producing what appears to be a ___________________.
1. _____________ cleavage in the mineral _____________
2. ________________________ cleavage in ___________
3. ________________cleavage in ___________2 Types of Mica:
___________________= light colored mica
___________________= dark colored mica
5. Fracture
Ü ___________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Obsidian
Ü Fracture occurs ___________________________ even ones with cleavage.
Ü The most common fracture type is __________________
a. Conchoidal Fracture
Ü Sometimes described as a ___________________________
Ü _________________________ have conchoidal fracture
b. Fibrous Fracture
Ü _____________________________________________
Ü _____________________ has fibrous fracture.
Ü ______________________________________________
Ü The fibers in the dust have the ability to _________________________________ of the person who breathes them.
6. Luster
Ü A description of _______________________________________________ (interacts with) the _______________________________________.
Ü 2 Types of Luster: ___________________ & _______________________________
a. Metallic Luster
Ü Minerals have a _____________________________________________________.
Ü Light is unable to penetrate the surface & almost all light is ___________________. Ex. _____________ & ___________________
b. Non-Metallic Luster
Ü Minerals where the ______________________________________________________ while some is _________________________.
Ü Ex. _______________________________________
7. Phosphorescence
Ü When the light from _______________________________________________________ and causes the mineral to continue _______________________________________________________________________
Ü ______________________________ is when the mineral doesn’t continue to _________
Ü _______________ fluoresces ______________.
a. Fluorescent Minerals of Franklin, NJ
Ü The mines in _____________________________ have some of the most spectacular ________________________________________.
In the picture:
Ü ______________________is ___________________
Ü __________________ is _______& glows _________
Ü ____________ is ____________& glows _________
8. Double Refraction
Ü Occurs when ____________________________________________________________
Ü The ray is split into _________________, one very _____& one _______________.
9. Magnetism
Ü ________________________ are attracted to the mineral
_________________________
Ü Magnetism is somewhat of an ____________________________ as not all specimens
may demonstrate it.
Ü A few minerals may not be magnetic, but _____________________________________.
10. Taste
Ü ____________________________________________________________________
Ü However, ____________________________________________________________.
Ü ____________ which is ___________________, has a ________ taste.
11. Specific Gravity
Ü ______________________________________________.
Ü Specific gravity is a ______________________________.
Ü Because it is derived from the ______________________________________________
_________________________________________ and thus all units cancel.
Ü Water’s density equals __________________________________ (at specific conditions)
12. Acid Test
Ü ____________________________________ react to ____________________________
Ü ___________________________________________________
Ü CaCO3 +2H(+1) à Ca(+2) + H2O + CO2 (a gas)
III. 4 Most Abundant Elements in Earth's Crust
Ex. ___________________, ________________,
____________________, _____________
IV. Silicates
- _______ of the minerals in the Earth’s crust are compounds of Silicon, Oxygen & one other metallic element
Ex. _______________, _____________, __________________, & ____________
_________________________________- contain silica tetrahedrons
A. Feldspar Family
1. Includes the _______________________ of all minerals
2. Most common is ____________________________
3. Hardness of ______
4. Silica tetrahedrons have been joined together by ions of
____________________ & other minerals
B. Quartz Family-
1. Entirely silica tetrahedrons bound tightly together
2. Silicon dioxide = SiO__
3. Luster = _____________
4. Hardness = ________
5. Sand in NJ is ___________
6. Color varies
7. Fracture = _________________
8. important part of all granites
9. _______________most abundant mineral in Earth’s crust
V. Carbonate- an ion group made of one ___________ atom combined with
three oxygen atoms and having a negative charge of two (-CO32-).
1. carbonate minerals are carbonate groups joined with various metal ions.
2. Ex. __________________, _______________, _____________, ____________
A. ______________________ - most common carbonate mineral
Chemical Formula = ____________________
Shape – _________________
Hardness ________
Show property of _____________ refraction
_________ perfect cleavages
Reacts to ________ test
________________________- colorless transparent calcite
B. Dolomite - calcium magnesium carbonate
Hardness 3.5 - 4
Shape - rhombus
Reacts to acid test only if ________________ scratched or powdered
Found in ______________________&_____________________
C. Copper Carbonates
1. __________________________ Color = _________________
Reacts slightly to the acid test
2. _________________________- Color = _____________________
Reacts slightly to the acid test
D. Iron Carbonate
1. ____________________- Color = ________________________
Reacts slightly to acid test
III. Iron Oxide a mineral consisting of ________________ combined with oxygen
A. _______________________
§ _______________________________________________
§ Hardness _____________
§ Color- ______________________
§ Luster- earthy or metallic
§ Streak- all have red-brown
B. ______________________________
§ _________________________
§ _________________________
§ Attracted to a ______________
§ ____________________- a highly magnetic type of magnetite that was used in the first compass needles
IV. Iron Sulfide-a mineral consisting of iron combined with sulfur
· __________________________
· Most common __________________________
· _________________________
· Color- _____________________________
· Hardness _____________
· Luster- ________________
V. Other Minerals with Important Properties
A. ____________________________ - volcanic glass with conchoidal fracture
B. ____________________ - Rock Salt, NaCl , has a salty taste
C. ___________________________ - has one perfect cleavage
1. ______________________ - light colored Mica
2. _______________________ - dark colored Mica
D. ________________________________ - fibrous fracture, fire resistant