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Ch 28 Constellations & Stars

I. Constellations

•  ______

•  ______recognized by International Astronomy Union

A. Zodiac

•  Band of 12 constellations along the ______

Capricorn (the goat) / Aquarius (the water bearer) / Pisces (the fish)
Aries (the ram) / Taurus (the bull) / Gemini (the twins)
Cancer (the crab) / Leo (the lion) / Virgo (the virgin)
Libra (the balance) / Scorpio (the scorpion) / Sagittarius (the archer)

B. Ecliptic

•  ______

•  ______

______

______

C. Circumpolar Constellations

•  ______

•  Never fully set below the ______

•  Appear to move ______around

•  Caused by Earth’s ______

Examples of Circumpolar Constellations

1.  ______– The Big Bear
2.  ______– The Little Bear
3.  ______– Queen on Her Throne
4.  ______- The Dragon
5.  ______- The King

•  # of stars seen as circumpolar depends on the observers ______

•  Further ______the observer lives, the ______stars will appear circumpolar

•  Earth turns ______to ______

•  Sky appears to turn ______to ______

D. Ursa Major

•  ______

•  Common name is ______

•  ______- front 2 stars of the

Big Dipper which point to ______(North Star)

II. Seasonal Changes in Constellations

•  ______

–  In Fall: ______

–  Spring: ______

•  ______

–  In Fall: ______

–  Spring: ______

Fall Spring

III. Summer Constellations

•  1st ___ bright stars that rise form the ______

1.  ______- in ______the Harp

2.  ______- in ______the Eagle

3.  ______– in ______the Swan (Northern Cross)

IV. Most Famous Winter Constellation

•  Orion Contains:

1.  Betelgeuse (Bet el jooz) ______found forming Orion’s ______

2.  Rigel –______

3 Stars of Orion’s Belt

•  Can be used to find ______

1.  Canis Major- (______) follow the line made by the 3 stars of ______

•  ______- the brightest star in the nighttime sky is found in Canis Major

2. Taurus (the Bull)

·  Follow the line made by Orion’s ______

·  Aldebaran- ______that is the ______is the ______in the nighttime sky

1.  Pleiades Star Cluster (______)

•  Follow the line made by Orion’s belt up to the
______to a
______of stars to the ______.

•  Called ______
______

V. Variable Stars

•  ______

•  Ex. ______/Pulsating Stars, ______Stars & ______Binary Stars

A. Cepheid Variables/Pulsating Stars

•  ______

•  Unequal balance between ______& ______

•  Ex. ______, ______

Draw the steps of swelling for a Pulsating Star

B. Binary Star Systems

•  ______

______

______

______

•  Ex. ______& its companion star in Perseus

C. Eclipsing Binary Stars

•  Two ______stars that appear to be a single star varying in brightness.

•  The variation in brightness is due to ______

•  Occurs because we see the system on ______instead of from above or below

Size Comparison of Various Stars

Twinkle Twinkle Little Star

"Twinkling Stars" are due to Earth's atmosphere

VI. Life Cycle of a Medium Mass Star

1.  ______

2.  ______

3.  ______

4.  ______

5.  ______

6.  ______

7.  ______

1. Nebulae (Plural of Nebula)

•  ______as seen as faint glowing clouds

•  Mostly ______

•  Star dust is extremely ______, smaller than a particle of ______& widely separated, with more than ______ft.between individual particles.

•  Nebulae still hinder star gazing because they ______which passes through them.

Types of Nebulae

•  Diffuse Nebula - ______

•  Ex______

•  Dark Nebula - ______

•  Ex______

2. Protostar

•  ______

•  The gravity of the dense swirl in turn attracts near by gases so a ______.

•  ______occurs & ______is formed from ______

•  ______

3. Stable State Star

•  ______

•  Star ______

•  Also known as a ______

•  Ex. ______

4. ______- large red star at least 10x diameter of the sun

•  ______
•  Ex. ______
•  The ______will swell into a Red Giant when it is old

5. Planetary Nebula

•  ______

•  ______and they get pushed away by the ______

5. White Dwarf

•  ______

•  ______

•  ______

•  Very ______, mostly ______

•  1 cup full of star =20 tons or ____ elephants.

•  Tightly packed ______

VII. Life Cycle of a Massive Star

1.  1st three steps are similar______

2.  ______

3.  ______

4.  ______

5.  ______

1. Super Giant

•  ______

•  ______

•  Only stars with ______can become super giants

•  Some are almost ______

•  Ex. ______

2. Super Nova

•  ______

•  Outer layer ______

•  Emits ______

•  Leaves behind a ______

3. Neutron Star/ Pulsar

•  The remains of a ______

•  ______which is composed mostly of tightly-packed ______

•  ______

•  Emits ______

•  Discovered in 1967 (LGM______)

4. Black Hole

•  Occurs when a star's remaining ______

•  ______

•  Incredibly ______

VIII. Distance to stars

A. Closest star to Earth: ______

B. ______

C. Avg. distance: ______= 1 _____

D. Next nearest star: ______

E. Light year

•  ______

•  ______

•  Speed of Light ______

IX. Physical Properties of Stars

A. ______supplies the energy for stars

·  Huge size & mass of a star means ______press inward w/ tremendous ______

·  ______(in core) ignites

·  Star becomes a huge ______;
______nuclei combine to form ______(energy is released as heat & light)

B. ______of star depends on surface temp.

1.  ______– hottest stars

Ex. ______in Orion; ______in Lyra; ______in Canis Major

2. ______– medium stars ex. ______

3. ______– coolest stars

ex. ______, ______,
______

C. ______– varies, large range;


Smallest can be ______than Earth;


Largest may be ______x Earth

D. The Sun is an ______star; ______in
color; 300,000 x the ______of Earth

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X. Luminosity

•  ______

•  ______

• ______( HR diagram) Diagram graphs ______
______

–______

• 

A.  Absolute Magnitude –

•  ______

______

•  ______

•  Negative #’s are the ______

•  Ex. Sun = ______Sirius = ______Rigel = ______

•  Rigel’s the ______if all were lined up next to each other.


B. Apparent Magnitude

•  A measure of the ______

·  Stars ______

·  Each magnitude differs by ______

·  ______

·  Ex. Sun = ______Sirius = ______
Full Moon ______Rigel = ______

•  ______.

XI. Galaxies

•  ______
______
Ex. ______

•  There are ______galaxies

•  The ______belongs to a group or cluster of galaxies called the ______

* Three major classes of galaxies:
1. ______- shaped like large
______shaped
2. ______- pinwheel shaped; our sun is on
a ______
3. ______- many different shapes that aren't
like the other two
XII. Quasar –

•  ______

•  Galaxies ______

•  Thought to have a super ______

•  Most ______

XII. Electromagnetic Spectrum

•  ______

______

______

Electro-magnetic spectrum

Stars Emit:

1.  Visible light

2.  ______

3.  ______

4.  ______

5.  ______

A. Electromagnetic waves:

•  Differ in ______& ______

•  ______electromagnetic waves travel at the ______speed ______

Parts of a Wave

•  a has a ______wavelength (______) but ______frequency

(______)

b has a ______wavelength but a ______frequency

B. ______

Instrument that ______light into its ______

Contains:

______at one end

______at opposite end which lines up with the ______source

C. 3 Types of Spectra

1. ______

2. ______

3. ______

1. Continuous Spectrum-

·  produced by a ______

·  Example a Tungsten white light bulb, & white sunlight.

·  This spectrum consists of a continuous set of emission lines forming an ______band of colors from ______to ______.

·  It shows the source is sending out light of ______visible wavelengths.

Visible Spectrum

Colors of the Rainbow:

______

______

______

______

______

______

______

•  ROY G BIV

•  All the colors of the ______

•  A ______spectrum

2. Dark-Line Spectrum / ______Spectrum

•  Produced when a cooler gas lies between the observer and an object emitting a continuous spectrum

•  Example:1. The atmosphere of ______2.Outer layers of a ______

•  The cooler gas absorbs specific wavelengths of radiation passing through it.

•  This spectrum appears as a ______spectrum of all colors with a number of gaps or ______lines throughout it.

3. Bright-Line Spectrum / ______Spectrum

•  Produced by a ______gas which radiates energy at specific wavelengths characteristic of the element or elements composing the gas

•  Example ______, ______, LED’s

•  This spectrum consists of a number of ______lines against a ______background.

•  Each elements has its own distinctive spectra much like a ______

XIII. The Doppler Effect

·  as sound approaches the wavelength is ______so the pitch is ______

·  as sound leaves the wavelength is ______out so the pitch is ______

·  The same thing happens with ______

·  If a star is moving away from Earth there is a ______shift, of its line spectra; if the
star is moving toward the Earth there is a ______shift of its line spectra p.616

Red shift is evidence the universe is ______