KEAN UNIVERSITY

Union, New Jersey

Dr. Leonard Elovitz Spring 2011

EL Department Course Syllabus

205D East Campus (908)737-5976

OFFICE HOURS


Monday

In the field

Tuesday

2:25 to 4:25 PM

Wednesday

1:00 TO 3:00 PM

Thursday

1:00 TO 3:00 PM


Website

www.kean.edu/~lelovitz

EDUCATIONAL FINANCE AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION

IN URBAN SCHOOL DISTRICTS AND COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS

Course Number: EDD 6102

Semester Hours: Three

Prerequisites: Graduate Status

Limitations on

Enrollment: 25

Required: For Ed. D. Candidates

Catalog Description:

The aspects of obtaining, managing and expending funds are studied. Particular attention is given to the concepts of equality and equity as they apply to the urban school district and community organizations.

Educational Finance and Resource Allocation in Urban School Districts and Community Organizations

(EDD 6102)

I. Course Objectives

Students will achieve growth towards becoming informed, dynamic, professionals through knowledge acquisition (K), skill application (S) and value development (V), as evidenced by demonstration of the ability to:

A. apply an understanding of educational governance and finance structures and models to ensure that adequate financial resources are allocated equitably for the district. (3.3.3) (K,S,V)

B. explain the system for financing education and its effects on the equitable distribution of educational opportunities within and among districts. (6.1.4) (K,S)

C. describe and evaluate educational finance reform in terms of equality and equity. (K,S,V)

D. allocate and justify resources to sustain the instructional program. (2.2.4) (K,S,V)

E. utilize effective organization of fiscal, human, and material resources, giving priority to student learning and safety, and demonstrating an understanding of the budgeting processes and fiduciary responsibilities. (3.1.2) (K,S,V)

F. manage time effectively, use problem-solving skills and knowledge of strategic, long-range, and operational planning (including applications of technology) in the effective, legal, and equitable use of fiscal, human, and material resource allocation that focuses on teaching and learning. (3.1.3, 3.3.1) (K,S,V)

G. apply and assess current technologies for management, business procedures, and scheduling. (3.3.4) (K,S,V)

H. develop ways to use public resources and funds appropriately and effectively to encourage communities to provide new resources to address emerging student problems and creatively seek new resources to facilitate leaning (3.3.2, 4.3.3) (K,S,V)

II. Course Content

A. The Legal Framework of Education

1. Federal

2. State

3. Local

B. Financing Schools

1. Social and economic pressure

2. Core values

3. Political-economic model for education policy making

4. Funding models – state aid

a. Matching grants

b. Flat grants

c. Foundation programs

d. Tax-base-equalizing programs

e. Percentage equalization

f. Guaranteed tax base

g. Guaranteed yield

h. District power equalizing

i. Full state funding

j. Comprehensive Education Improvement Finance Act (CEIFA)

5. Federal Aid

a. National interest

b. Entitlement programs

c. Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) – Title I

d. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

e. Bilingual education

f. Title IX

g. Vocational education

h. Technology

i. No Child Left Behind (NCLB)

C. Educational Finance Reform

1. Judicial review of educational finance

a. Brown v. Board of Education

b. Serrano v. Priest

c. McInnis v. Ogilvie

d. San Antonio v. Rodriguez

e. Robinson v. Cahill

f. Hobson v. Hansen

g. Abbott v Burke

2. Equality, equity and adequacy

D. Resource Allocation

1. Determining the means by which educational services are provided

2. Allocating resources through budget development

a. Zero based budgeting

b. Program budgeting

c. Prioritization of appropriations

3. Sources of revenue

a. State and federal aid

b. Merits of specific taxes

i. Personal income tax

ii. Corporate income tax

iii. Excise and sales taxes

iv. Value-added taxes

v. Lotteries

vi. Severance tax

vii. Estate and gift taxes

viii. Payroll taxes

c. Local property taxes

i. Property assessment

ii. Determination of tax levy

iii. Determination of tax rate

iv. Calculation of taxes

d. Other sources of income

E. Utilization of Fiscal, Human, and Material Resources

1. Financial rewards

a. Calculation of salary guides

b. Fringe benefits

c. Accountability

d. Merit pay

e. Career ladder

2. Site based management

a. Site planning and budget development

b. Purchasing

3. Measuring students’ educational needs

a. Enrollment projection

b. Special education

c. Gifted and talented

d. Vocational education

e. Compensatory education

f. Early childhood education

g. Bilingual education

h. Technology

i. Transportation

j. School district size and organization

F. Time management

1. The budget cycle

2. Purchasing cycle

3. Long range planning

4. Planning referenda

G. Application and Assessment of Technology

1. Software

2. Hardware

H. New and Alternative Applications of Learning Resources

1. Privatization

2. Charter schools

3. School choice

4. Educational vouchers

III. Methods of Instruction

A. Lecture and discussion

B. Computer simulations

C. Case studies

IV. Methods of Evaluation

A. Midterm 30%

B. Final 40%

B. Simulations 20%

C. Classroom participation 10%

V. Required Text

Guthrie, J.W., Springer, M.G., Rolle, R.A & Houck, E.A. Modern Education Finance and Policy (3rd Edition). Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2007. ISBN 0-205-47001-7 $89.33.

VI. Bibliography

Adist, T. L. & Murdock, G. Practical Ideas for Cutting Costs and Generating Revenues in

Education. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Education, 2005.

Anyon, J. Radical Possibilities: Public Policy, Urban Education, and a New Social

Movement. London: Falmer Press, 2005.

Chan, T.C. & Richardson, M.D. The Ins and Outs of School Facility Management: More

than Bricks and Mortar. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Education, 2005.

Corwin G. & Schneider, E. School Choice Hoax: Fixing America's Schools. Westport,

CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005.

Dalehite, E. Economic development vs. education: Are property tax abatements and K-12 school finance equalization policies at cross-purposes? Saarbrücken, Germany:LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2009.

Fischel, W. Making the Grade: The Economic Evolution of American School Districts.

Chicago, IL: University Of Chicago Press, 2009.

Fischel, W. Homevoter Hypothesis: How Home Values Influence Local Government

Taxation, School Finance, and Land-Use Policies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard

University Press, 2005.

Guthrie, J. W. et. al. Modern Education Finance and Policy. Boston: Allyn and Bacon,

2007.

Lifto, D.E. School Finance Elections: A Comprehensive Planning Model for

Success. (2nd Edition) Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Education, 2009.

Odden, A. Picus,L.O. & Picus, L. School Finance: A Policy Perspective.(3rd Edition) New York, McGraw-Hill, 2007.

Leyden, D.P. Adequacy, Accountability, and the Future of Public Education Funding. New York: Springer Publishing, 2010.

Poston, W.K. School Budgeting for Hard Times: Confronting Cutbacks and Critics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2010.

Rebell, M. Courts and Kids: Pursuing Educational Equity through the State Courts,

Chicago,IL: University Of Chicago Press, 2009.

Richards, C.E., Baker, B.D, & Green, P. School Finance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:

Prentice-Hall, 2005.

Scott, J.T. School Choice and Diversity: What the Evidence Says. New York: Teachers

College Press, 2005.

Shober, A. Splintered Accountability: State Governance and Education Reform. New York: SUNY Press, 2010.

Townley, A. & Schminder, J. School Finance: A California Perspective. Dubuque, IA:

Kendall Hunt Publishing, 2007.

Wagoner, C. Communicating School Finance: What Every Beginning Principal Needs To

Know. Lincoln NE: iUniverse, 2005.

Walker, E, & Weil, D. Educational Adequacy and the Courts: A Reference Handbook.

Santa Barbara, CA: A B C-CLIO, 2005.

VII. Seminal Works

Alexander, K. & Salmon, R. Public School Finance. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1995.

Amidon. S. Human Capital. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004.

Anderson, L. Managing Finance, Resources and Stakeholders in Education. Thousand

Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2001.

ASBO International. Financing School Facilities. Reston, VA: Association of School

Business Officials International, 1999.

Benson, C. The Economics of Public Education (3rd Edition). New York: Houghton

Mifflin, 1978.

Boschee, F. & Carleton, C. R. School Bond Success. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 1999.

Brimley, V.R. & Garfield, R.R. Financing Education in a Climate of Change. Boston:

Allyn and Bacon, 2004.

Burke, M.A. Simplified Grantwriting. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2002.

Burrup, P. E., Brimley, V. , Jr. & Garfield R. Financing Education in a

Climate of Change (7th Edition). Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1999.

Coe, C. K. Public Financial Management. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1989.

Coleman, M. & Anderson, L. Managing Finance and Resources in Education. Thousand

Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2000.

Coons, J. , Clune, W. & Sugarman, S. Private Wealth and Public Education.

Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1970.

Earthman, G. I. Planning Educational Facilities for the Next Century. Reston, VA:

Association of School Business Officials International, 2000.

Flynn, J. The Art of Investing School District Funds. Reston, VA: Association of School

Business Officials International, 1990.

Garner, C. W. Education Finance for School Leaders: Strategic Planning and

Administration. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2004

Garms, W., Guthrie, J. & Pierce, L. School Finance, The Economics and Politics of

Public Education. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1978.

Glickman, R. & Elovitz, L. H. “The Elimination of Public Voting on New

Jersey School Budgets,” NJASA Perspective, Spring 1988, pp. 31-35.

Guthrie, J. W. (Ed.). School Finance Policies and Practices, The 1980’s: A Decade

of Conflict. Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing, 1980.

Hunter, M. & Elovitz, L. H. “Survey to Soothsay,” NJASA Perspective, Summer 1985,

pp. 14-16.

Jones, E. B. Cash Management: A Financial Overview for School Administrators. Lanham,

MD: Scarecrow, 2001.

Karsh, E. & Fox, A.S. The Only Grant Writing Book You'll Ever Need: Top Grant Writers

and Grant Givers Share Their Secrets! New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2003.

Michel, G. J. Building Schools. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2001.

Miron, G. &Nelson, C. What's Public About Charter Schools? : Lessons Learned About

Choice and Accountability. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2001.

National Research Council. Making Money Matter: Financing America’s Schools.

Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999.

National Conference of State Legislatures. Principles of a Sound State School Finance

System. Denver, CO: National Conference of State Legislatures, 1996.

National Conference of State Legislatures. Educational Adequacy: Building an Adequate

School Finance System. Denver, CO: National Conference of State Legislatures,

1998.

Odden, A. & Archibald, S. Reallocating Resources: How to Boost Student Achievement

Without Asking for More. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, 2001.

Peterson, P. The Future of School Choice. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press,

2003.

Prince, C.D. Higher Pay in Hard-to-Staff Schools: The Case for Financial Incentives.

Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Education, 2003.

Ramsey, R. D. Fiscal Fitness for School Administrators. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin,

2000.

Ray, J.R., Candoli, I.C., & Hack, W.G. School Business Administration: A Planning

Approach. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2004.

Reock, E. C. State Aid For Schools in New Jersey, 1976-1996. New Brunswick:

Center For Government Services, Rutgers University, 1996.

Reutter, E. & Hamilton, R. The Law of Public Education. New York: The Foundation

Press, 1970.

Reutter, E. & Hamilton, R. The Law of Public Education, 1973 Supplement. New

York: The Foundation Press, 1973.

Russo, C.J. & Russo, C.L. Reutter's the Law of Public Education. New York: The

Foundation Press, 2003.

Salisbury, D. (Editor) Educational Freedom in Urban America: Brown v. Board after

Half a Century. Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2004.

Van Heemst, D. Empowering the Poor: Why Justice Requires School Choice. Lanham,

MD: Rowman & Littlefield Education, 2004.

Wise, A. E. Legislated Learning: The Bureaucratization of the American Classroom.

Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.

Wood, R. C. & D. S. Honeyman. How Public Schools Are Financed. Reston, VA:

Association of School Business Officials International, 1991.

Yinger, J. (Editor). Helping Children Left Behind: State Aid and the Pursuit of

Educational Equity. Cambridge: MA: MIT Press, 2004.

VIII. Court Cases

Abbott v. Burke, 477 A.2d 1278 (1984); 495 A.2d 376 (1985); 575 A.2d 359 (N.J.

1990); 643 A.2d 575 (N.J. 1994).

Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).

Hobson v. Hansen, 327 F. Supp. 844 (DDC 1971).

McInnis v. Shapiro, 293 F. Supp. 327 (1968); Affirmed, McInnis v. Ogalvie, 394 U.S.

322 (1969).

Robinson v. Cahill, 303 A.2d 273 (N.J. 1973); A.2d 129 (N.J. 1976).

San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 1 (1973);

Serrano v. Priest, 487 P.2d 1214 (1971); 557 P.2d 929 (1976); 226 CAL. RPTR. 584 (Cal.App.1986).

IX. Non-print media

101 Templates for School Business Administration. Reston, VA:

Association of School Business Officials International, 1993.

“Comprehensive Annual Financial Report” (Video). Reston, VA:

Association of School Business Officials, 1989.

“Professional School Business Administrator” (Video). Reston, VA: Association of School Business Officials International, 1987.

Smith, C. A. EnrollForecast: K-12 Enrollment Forecasting Program. Reston, VA:

Association of School Business Officials, 1995.

X. Web Sites

American Association of School Administrators www.aasa.org

U.S. Dept of Education www.ed.gov

Ask ERIC ericir.syr.edu

Educational Research Service www.ers.org

New Jersey Department of Education www.state.nj.us/education

New Jersey Association of School Business Officials www.njasbo.com

Association of School Business Officials International www.asbointl.org

National School Boards Association www.nsba.org

New Jersey School Boards Association www.njsba.org

XI. Computer Simulations

Computer simulations are found at:

http://wps.ablongman.com/ab_bacon_edadmin_1/7/1806/462535.cw/index.html

Simulation 2.2: Local Revenue for Public Education

Simulation 2.3: Revenue Projection

Simulation 4.1: Graphing State Tax Profiles

Simulation 4.2: Making Pie and Bar Graphs of the Proportional Composition of Total Tax Receipts for a Single State

Simulation 5.1: Calculating Property Tax Levies and Tax Rates

Simulation 5.2: Impact of Property Tax Exemptions

Simulation 7.1: Determining Total and Per Pupil Property Valuation

Simulation 7.2: Foundation Program

Simulation 7.3: Percentage Equalizing Program

Simulation 7.4: Guaranteed Tax Base Program

Simulation 8.1: Determining Total and Per Pupil Income and Property Valuation

Simulation 8.2: Changing the Measure of School District Wealth in the Percentage Equalizing Program

Simulation 8.3: Changing the Measure of School District Need From Average Daily Membership (ADM) to Average Daily Attendance (ADA)

Simulation 8.4: Changing the Measure of School District Need From Average Daily Membership (ADM) to Weighted Average Daily Membership (WADM)

Simulation 11.1: Federal Range Ratio

Simulation 11.2: Coefficient of Variation and McLoone Index

Simulation 11.3: Lorenz Curve and Data for Calculating the GINI Coefficient

Simulation 11.4: Correlation Coefficient and Scattergram

Simulation 12.1: Education Production Function

Simulation 13.1: Single Salary Schedule

Simulation 13.2: Performance-based Salary Model

Simulation 14.1: Site-based Budget

Simulation 14.2: Budget Rescission

Simulation 14.3: Budget Additions