Kingdom Fungi
Ch. 22 Section: 1
Fungi Kingdom
• ____________– are eukaryotic organisms that absorb nutrients
– _________________: feed on dead organisms
• Heterotrophic: use other organisms for energy.
– Important _____________in the environment.
• Need warm, moist places to grow.
• Examples include: yeast, molds and mushrooms.
• Use ________________to reproduce.
Characteristics of Fungi
• Eukaryotic – cells contain a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.
• Only one group is unicellular, all other groups are ____________________.
• ___________________use light energy to make own food – so not a plant.
– Heterotrophic because get energy from other organisms.
• Fungal cell wall contains __________________not cellulose like plants.
– Chitin is a carbohydrate that makes_____________________________.
• Fungi store their food as ____________________like animals.
How Fungi Obtain Food
• Fungi have thread-like bodies called______________.
– Cells that are loosely woven filaments.
– These help the fungi obtain their food.
• All fungi have hyphae except for yeast because they are____________________________.
• Shape of fungi depends on how hyphae used.
• Hyphae secrete_______________________________.
• After food is broken down, hyphae absorb it.
– The nutrients are absorbed through their_____________________.
– Remember, the cell wall is made of chitin.
• A group of hyphae is called_____________________.
• Some hyphae are divided into sections by a septum.
– Hyphae that have septa are called ____________________ hyphae.
– Hyphae that lack septa are called ________________ hyphae.
Which is which???
Reproduction in Fungi
• Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually.
• ______________Reproduction: occurs when there is plenty of moisture.
– The fungus produces structures which produce identical spores which migrate and produce new fungi.
· Benefits of spores: 1) allow fungi to reproduce in large quantities, 2) allow fungi to be dispersed easily, and 3) help fungi survive unfavorable conditions.
– They can reproduce by______________________, where one dies and releases individual cells that act like spores.
– ____________________is similar to mitosis in bacteria, but this is only done by yeast.
• When conditions are not favorable (____________________________), fungi then use sexual reproduction to reproduce.
• Sexual reproduction is when two fungi of opposite _________________ link together.
– This is how genetic material is exchanged.
– This gives rise to a special structure called a____________________.
• From this genetically diverse spores are released to start a new fungus.
Fungal Reproductive Cycles
Types of Fungi
• Most fungi are microscopic____________________________.
– Molds: consist of tangled masses of________________________.
• Examples: bread mold
– Yeasts: are _____________________organisms that form bacteria-like colonies.
• Other groups of fungi are separated depending on their spore structure and characteristics of their sexual reproductive structure.
Grouping Fungi
Ch. 22 Section: 2
Classification of Fungi
• Phylum ____________________
– Named for their reproductive structures that produce ______________________.
– These fungi have different mating types called plus (+) or minus (-).
• There is_____________________________.
– Hyphae of the one mating type fuse with the hyphae of the opposite mating type during sexual reproduction.
• Examples: Black bread mold and rhizopus
• Phylum _________________________
– Some are called “______________________” because they have a sac-like appearance.
– They reproduce commonly with a sac-like structure full of_____________________.
– One important fungus from this group is _____________________from which we get the antibiotic penicillin.
– One example we see around Nebraska if you go hiking during the spring is the______________________.
• Other Examples: Truffles and Baker’s yeast
• Phylum _____________________
– Called the “________________” because their use club-like structures to reproduce.
– The group has one of the largest organisms in the world __________________– which lives underground.
• 3.5 miles across
• 8,500 years old.
– This group contains almost all the varieties of mushrooms.
• Some which are edible and others which are very poisonous.
Fungal Symbiotic Partnerships
• There are several partnerships between fungi and other organisms which are beneficial.
– This beneficial relationship is called a___________________________.
• ____________________: a relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner.
– The plant provides _____________to the fungus.
– The fungus provides moisture, shelter, and anchorage to the plant.
– Lichens are so efficient at absorbing nutrients from the air that they can be used to monitor air quality because some kinds do not survive in polluted air.
– They play an important ecological role: breaking down rocks and starting the process of soil formation.
• ____________________: relationship between a fungus and plant roots.
– Over ____________of plants contain such a fungus.
– The fungus absorbs and concentrates phosphates and other nutrients for the plant.
– The fungus receives sugars from the plant.
Fungi and
Humans
Ch. 22 Section: 3
Fungi and Industry
• Penicillium is used to make____________________________.
• Cephalosporium is used to make other _____________________________.
• Rhizopus is used to make ________________________which reduces joint swelling.
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used in genetic engineering and ____________________ (which can be used in gas!)
Fungi in Food
• Saccaromyces cervisiae is also used in bread making (produces air in the bread to make it rise!) and _____________________ manufacturing.
• Fungi help to make many cheeses such as_______________ _________________________________________________. (This is what helps gives those cheese their smell!)
• We eat many mushrooms and morels.
• Truffles are a delicacy and used in gourmet cuisine.
Fungal Diseases
• Humans can get a number of fungal infections.
– Fungi can infect the skin, hair, nails, and body tissues.
• Fungi that infect the skin, hair, and nails are called_______________________________.
• Ex. Ringworm and Athlete’s foot
• Fungal spores can irritate the nose and cause allergies.
• Some fungi are poisonous and dangerous when eaten.
• ____________________ are fungal poisons that con contaminate peanuts and corn.
• Other fungi can infect the internal organs and cause disease and death
– ______________________________________is a lung infection caused by a fungus that grows in bat and bird feces. When the spores are inhaled, this fungus can cause severe respiratory illness.
– _____________________________________is a sinus infection cause by a fungus that grows in soil and decaying matter. We are exposed to this everyday, but for people with compromised immune systems, this can lead to infection. The only way to get rid of the fungus is to remove all dead and decaying tissue which may include skin, bones, and organs.