AP: CHAPTER 40: ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
1. What is the definition of animal tissues?
2. List the four general categories of animal tissues.
3. List six types of connective tissues.
4. What are the characteristics of the three muscle tissues?
5. Place the terms in order from smallest to largest group: Organism, Organ, Cell, Organ System, Tissue
6. Compare the energy use of endotherms compared to ectotherms.
7. How do you account for the difference in energy needs of endotherms compared to ectotherms?
8. Compare and contrast basal metabolic rate (BMR) with standard metabolic rate (SMR).
9. What is the goal of homeostasis and how is it maintained
10. Define negative feedback. Give an example
11. Define positive feedback. Give an example
12. Account for several avenues of energy and molecular use for the food you eat.
AP: CHAPTER 41: ANIMAL NUTRITION
1. How does glucose metabolism demonstrate a homeostatic mechanism?
2. What role do the various essential nutrients have in animal metabolism?
a. Protein
b. Carbohydrates
c. Lipids
d. Vitamins
e. Minerals
f. Water
3. Why are there only 8 essential amino acids?
4. Identify a few deficiency diseases.
5. Identify some of the modes of heterotrophic nutrition.
6. What are the four main stages of food processing in heterotrophic nutrition?
7. What is the advantage of extracellular digestion over intracellular digestion?
8. What is the adaptive value of the alimentary canal?
9. What two major changes occur to food in the mouth?
10. List a few significant aspects of the stomach’s physiology.
11. How does the stomach prevent digesting itself?
12. Describe the major secretions that enter the duodenum.
13. How does the pancreas prevent digesting itself with the peptidases it produces?
14. Label the diagram of the human digestive system.
15. Where is each of the following chemically digested?
a. Carbohydrates
b. Protein
c. Nucleic Acid
d. Fat
16. List three features of the small intestine that improve its function.
17. Describe the role of the following hormones.
a. Gastrin
b. Secretin
c. Cholecystokinin
18. Describe two important functions of the large intestine.
19. Identify a few ways a herbivore’s alimentary canal differs from a carnivore’s.
AP: CHAPTER 42: CIRCULATION & GAS EXCHANGE
CIRCULATION
1. Why aren’t diffusion and active transport sufficient for the transport in multicellular animals?
2. Circulation in the Cnidarians consists of…
3. Compare the circulatory systems of higher animals.
a. Open
b. Closed
4. What is the adaptive value of the four chambered heart?
5. Answer the following regarding the structure of the human heart.
a. Which side is oxygen rich / oxygen poor?
b. Which chambers create the blood pressure in the arteries?
c. What causes the heart sounds?
6. Label the diagram of the heart.
7. How is the heart rate regulated?
8. Compare the structure of each vessel:
a. Artery
b. Capillary
c. Vein
9. What happens to blood pressure and velocity as the blood flows through:
a. Arteries
b. Capillaries
c. Veins
10. How do precapillary sphincters help regulate blood pressure and body temperature?
11. How does osmosis determine the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial fluid?
12. Briefly describe the components of the blood.
a. Plasma
b. Erythrocytes
c. Leukocytes
d. Platelets
13. Describe the types of Cardiovascular diseases that are leading causes of death in US:
a. Stroke
b. Heart attack
c. Atherosclerosis
d. Arteriosclerosis
e. Hypertension
14. Why can clotting be viewed as a cascade reaction?
GAS EXCHANGE
15. Describe the relationship of the respiratory surface and the transport system.
16. What are three characteristics typical of a respiratory surface?
17. Why do terrestrial animals have internal respiratory surfaces?
18. What is countercurrent about a fishes gill?
19. How is countercurrent of adaptive value?
20. List some features that show how tracheal tubes and lungs are adaptive for gas exchange?
21. Label the diagram of the human respiratory system.
22. What is the role of the alveoli?
23. How do partial pressures of gasses influence the exchange of gas?
24. Describe how breathing is regulated. Include the role of each of the following.
a. Medulla
b. pH
c. Carotid arteries
d. Aorta
e. Diaphragm
25. What is the adaptive value of hemoglobin?
26. Review the dissociation curves for hemoglobin.
a. Why does oxygen leave the hemoglobin when it passes through the resting tissues?
b. How does pH reduction influence oxygen release from the blood?
27. Outline the reactions showing the path of carbon dioxide produced in body cells, transported
as bicarbonate ion in the plasma, to the carbon dioxide released into the alveoli.