A. Logic, Philosophy and History of Science

I. History and Approaches

2-4% of AP Exam

*ST: 2-8, 10-11

Module 1

B. Approaches

Biological

ST: 8-9 Module 1

Behavioral

ST: 8-9 Module 1

Cognitive

ST: 8-9 Module 1

Humanistic

ST: 6 Module 1

Psychodynamic

ST: 8-9 Module 1

Sociocultural

ST: 8-9 Module 1

Evolutionary/

Sociobiological

ST: 8-9, 102-107

Module 1,and Module 6.10, 6.11, 6.12, 6.13, 6.14

VOCAB I: History (37 terms/names)

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Psychology
Rene Descartes
Empiricism
Wilhelm Wundt
Structuralism
Introspection
*Gestalt
Functionalist
William James
Mary Whiton Calkins
Margaret Washburn
Humanistic Psychology
Sigmund Freud/Psychoanalysis*
Behaviorists
*John Watson
*BF Skinner
Carl Rogers
Abraham Maslow
Cognitive Psychology
Nature/Nurture
Natural Selection
Level of Analysis
Biospychosocial approach
Neuroscience/Biological
Evolutionary
*Charles Darwin
Behavior Genetics
Psychodynamic
Behavioral
Cognitive
Social-cultural
Psychodynamic
Basic Research
Applied Research
Counseling Psychology
Clinical Psychology
Psychiatry

Vocab used in MOST psychology books

Vocab still important to understand

*Indicates that in this particular module, the term/concept may not be covered with complete detail. It may appear in italics. Or it may be covered more completely in another module or in another resource (e.g. – Barron’s Review). The term is still significant for this module/exam.

II. Research Methods

8-10% of AP Exam

A. Experimental, Correlational and Clinical Research

ST: 19-33, 33-37

Modules 2, 3

ST: 38-41

Module 3

B. Statistics

1. Descriptive

ST: 41-44

Module 3

2. Inferential

ST: 44-45

Module 3

VOCAB II: Research (47 terms, double-sided)

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Hindsight Bias
Critical thinking
Theory
Hypothesis
Operational Definition
Replication

------3

Case Study
Survey
False Consensus Effect
*Representative sample (p, 31-32)
Population
Random Sample/Selection
*Social desirability Bias
Naturalistic Observation
*Hawthorne Effect (Mayo)
Correlation (Positive, Negative)
Scatter plot
*Correlational coefficient or R (chart, p. 33)
Correlation vs. causation
Illusory Correlation
Experiment
Double Blind Study
Placebo Effect
Experimental condition
Control Condition (*control group)
*Confounding/extraneous variables
*Within Group design vs. between group
Random Assignment
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
*Descriptive Statistics
Mode (*one of the measures of central tendency)
Mean (*one of the measures of central tendency)
Median (*one of the measures of central tendency)
Skewed p. 43 (*positive skew, negative skew)
*Normal Distribution (bell curve)
Range
Standard Deviation
Statistical Significance or P
(*Inferential statistics)
*Informed Consent
*Frequency Chart (histogram or polygon)
*Ex Post Facto
*Longitudinal study
*Cross-sectional study
*Cohort-sequential study (“cohort” effect)
*APA Ethical Guidelines
*Scales: Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

RESEARCH OUTLINE CONTINUED

C. Ethics in Research

ST: 25-26

Module 2

VOCAB II (continued)

III. Biological Bases of Behavior

8-10% of AP Exam

A. Physiological Techniques (e.g., imaging, surgical)

ST: 64-76

Module 5

B. Neuroanatomy

ST: 64-83

Module 5

C. Functional Organization of Nervous System

56-60

Module 4

D. Neural Transmission

ST: 50-56

Module 4

E. Endocrine System

ST: 60-61

Module 4

VOCAB III: BIO (72 terms-double sided)

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Biopsychology
*Neuroscience
Neuron
*Soma/cell body
Dendrite
Axon
*Receptors
Myelin/myelin sheath
*Nodes of Ranvier
Action potential
Threshold
Synapse
Neurotransmitters
Reuptake
*Terminal Buttons
*Resting Potential
*All or None Law
*Excitatory vs. Inhibitory Signals
Acetylcholine
*Serotonin
*Dopamine
*GABA
*Glutamine
*Norepinephrine
Endorphins
*Agonist
*Antagonist
Blood-brain barrier (psychotropic drugs)
L-dopa
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Sensory Neuron (afferent)
Motor Neuron (efferent)
Interneuron
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Reflex
Endocrine System
Hormones
*Corticoids
*Melatonin
Pituitary Gland

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Lesion/*Ablation
*Phineas Gage case study

BRAIN OUTLINE CONTINUED

F. Genetics

ST: 92-93, 97-101

Module 6, Module 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

VOCAB III (continued)------5 (CONT.)

Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
*Computed Tomography Scan (CT)
Brainstem
Medulla
*Pons
Reticular Formation/*RAS-reticular activating
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Limbic System
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
*Hippocampus
Cerebral Cortex
Glial cells
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Motor Cortex
Sensory Cortex
Association Areas
Aphasia
Broca’s area [Paul Broca]
Wernickes’s area [Carl Wernicke]
Plasticity
Corpus Callosum
Split Brain
*Roger Sperry, Michael Gazzaniga
*Forebrain
*Midbrain
*Hindbrain

------

G. Evolutionary Psychology

ST: 102-107

Module 6.10, 6.11, 6.12, 6.13, 6.14

IX. Developmental Psychology

7-9% of AP Exam

A. Life-Span Approach

ST: 133, 171, 184-186

Modules 8, 11

B. Research Methods (e.g., longitudinal, cross-sectional) ST: 178

Module 11

C. Heredity-Environmental Issues

ST: 92-100, 110-124, 127-129

Modules 6, reference 7.1-7.4; read 7.17

D. Developmental Theories

ST: 142-149, 163-166, 186-187

Module 8, 9

E. Dimensions of Development

1. Physical

ST: 139-140, 161-162, 171-177

Modules 8, 9, 10, 11

VOCAB IX: DEV. (88 terms- triple sided)

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Environment
Behavior Genetics
Chromosomes
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Genes
Genome/*Genotype
*Recessive Gene
Identical Twins (Monozygotic)
Fraternal Twins (Dizygotic)
Temperament
Heritability
Interaction
Molecular genetics
Evolutionary Psychologists
*Charles Darwin
Natural Selection
Mutations
Gender

------7.2-7.4; 7.13-7.17

Carol Gilligan
X Chromosome
Y Chromosome
Testosterone
Gender Roles
Gender Identity
Gender Typing
Social Learning Theory
Gender Schema Theory
*Androgynous

------8

*Continuity View
*Discontinuity View
Developmental Psychology
Zygote
Embryo
Fetus
Teratogens
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Rooting reflex
Habituation

------9

Maturation
Schema
Assimilation
Accommodation (Piagetian)

DEV. OUTLINE CONTINUED

2. Cognitive

ST: 141-149, 163, 177-181

Modules 9, 10, 11

3. Social –

ST: 149-157, 166-168, 181-186

Modules 9, 10, 11

4. Moral

ST: 164-166

Module 10

F. Sex Roles, Sex Differences

ST: 121-127

Module 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.13, 7.14, 7.15, 7.16

VOCAB IX (continued)

------9

Cognition
Sensorimotor Stage
Object Permanence
Preoperational Stage
Conservation
Egocentrism
*Animistic thinking
*Centration
Theory of mind
Autism
Lev Vygotsky continuity in cognition
Concrete Operational Stage
Formal Operational Stage
Stranger Anxiety
*Contact Comfort
Attachment
*Harlow’s terrycloth
Critical Period
Imprinting
Konrad Lorenz
*Mary Ainsworth
Erik Erikson
Basic trust
Self-concept
Parenting styles [Diana Baumrind]

------10

Adolescence
Puberty
*Rites of passage
Primary Sex Characteristics
Secondary Sex Characteristics
Menarche
Lawrence Kohlberg
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional
Delay Gratification
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
Identity
Intimacy
*Imaginary Audience (form of adolescent egocentrism)
*Personal Fable (form of adolescent egocentrism)

------11

*Generativity
Menopause

DEV. CONTINUED

Vocab IX (continued)

------11 (cont.)

Alzheimer’s disease
Cross-sectional study
Longitudinal study
*Cohort Sequential study
Crystallized vs Fluid Intelligence
Social Clock
*Kubler-Ross’s 5 stages of dying

III. Sensation and Perception

6-8% of AP Exam

A. Thresholds & Signal Detection Theory

ST: 193-197

Module 12

B. Sensory Mechanisms

ST: 204-233

Modules 13, 14, 15

C. Attention

ST: 198-200

Module 12

VOCAB IV: Sensation/Perception (86 terms - double-sided)

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Sensation
Perception
Bottom-up
Top-down
Psychophysics
Absolute Threshold
Signal Detection Theory
Subliminal
Priming
Difference Threshold
JND (Just Noticeable Difference)
Weber’s Law [Ernst Weber]
*Fechner’s Law [Gustav Fechner]
Sensory Adaptation
Selective Attention
Cocktail Party Phenomenon
Inattentional Blindness

------13

Transduction
Wavelength
Hue/color
Intensity/brightness
Pupil
Iris
Lens
Accomodation (perceptual)
Retina
Acuity
Nearsightedness, Farsightedness
Rods and Cones
Optic Nerve
Blind Spot
Fovea
*Cornea
*Electromagnetic Spectrum
David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel
Feature detectors or signal detector cells
Parallel Processing vs. Serial Processing
Trichromatic Theory (Young-Helmholtz)
Opponent Process theory (color)
Color Constancy
*Afterimages
*Colorblindness
*Dark adaptation

SEN/PERC. OUTLINE CONTINUED

E. Perceptual Processes

ST: 235-262

Modules 16, 17

VOCAB IV (continued)

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Audition
Frequency
Pitch/*Timbre
Middle Ear Function
Cochlea
Inner Ear Function
Place Theory
Frequency Theory
Conduction Hearing Loss
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Cochlear implant
*Basilar Membrane

------15

Gate Control Theory
Taste buds
Sensory Interaction
*Olfaction
*Pheromones
Kinesthesis
Semicircular Canals
Vestibular sense

------16

Visual capture
Gestalt
*Law of Pragnanz (relation to Gestalt)
Figure-ground
Grouping
Depth Perception
Gibson’s Visual Cliff
Binocular cues
Retinal Disparity or *binocular disparity
Convergence
Monocular Cues
Phi Phenomenon
Perceptual constancy
*Shape constancy
*Size constancy
*Motion aftereffect
*Motion Parallax

------17

Perceptual Adaptation
Perceptual Set
Human Factors Psychology
Extrasensory Perception (ESP)
Parapsychology

V. States of Consciousness

2-4% of AP Exam

A. Sleep and Dreaming

ST: 268-283

Module 18

B. Hypnosis

ST: 286-291

Module 19

C. Psychoactive Drug Effects

ST: 292-305

Module 20

VOCAB V: Consciousness (43 terms)

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Consciousness
*William James’ Stream of Consciousness
Biological Rhythms
Circadian Rhythms
REM Sleep/*Paradoxical
Alpha Waves
Sleep
Stages of NREM sleep
Delta Waves
Hallucinations
Insomnia
Narcolepsy
Sleep Apnea
Night Terrors
Dream
Manifest Content (Freud)
Latent Content (Freud)
*Activation Synthesis Hypothesis/dreams
REM rebound

------19

Hypnosis
*Suggestibility
Posthypnotic suggestion
Dissociation
Ernest Hilgard (Hypnosis theory)

------20

Psychoactive Drug
Tolerance
Withdrawal
Physical Dependence
Psychological Dependence
Addiction
Depressants
Barbituates
Opiates
Stimulants
Amphetamines
Methamphetamines
Ecstasy
Hallucinogens
LSD
THC
Near Death
*Meditation

VII. Cognition

8-10% of AP Exam

A. Memory

ST: 345-391

Modules 24, 25, 26, 27, 28

Terms continue next page

There’s a lot to “remember” in this unit! hahaha – in the memory unit…get it??

VOCAB VII: Memory/Thinking TRIPLE! Sided (1043 terms)

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Memory
Flashbulb memory
*Episodic memory
Information Processing Model
Encoding
Storage
*Three Stage Processing Model
Retrieval
Sensory Memory
Short Term Memory (STM)
*George A. Miller and the magic #7
Long Term Memory (LTM)
Working Memory

------25

Atkinson and Schiffrin’s Three Stage
Processing Model of Memory
Automatic Processing
Effortful Processing
Rehearsal
Hermann Ebbinghaus
*Maintenance Rehearsal
*Elaborative Rehearsal
Next- in-Line Effect
Spacing Effect
Serial Position Effect (primacy/recency)
Visual Encoding
Acoustic Encoding
Semantic Encoding
Imagery
Mnemonics
*Method of Loci
*“Peg word” system
Chunking

------26

Iconic Memory
Echoic Memory
*Haptic Memory
*Elizabeth Loftus (eyewitness testimony)
Long Term Potentiation (LTP)
Amnesia
Implicit Memory (or procedural)
Explicit Memory (or declarative)
Hippocampus
*Retrograde Amnesia
*Anterograde Amnesia

COGNITION OUTLINE CONTINUED

Vocab modules 26, 27, 28 all part of memory!

B. Language

ST: 412-428

Module 30

Terms next page

C. Thinking

ST: 395-410

Module 29

D. Problem Solving and Creativity

ST: 398-400, 437-438

Modules 29, 31

VOCABVII (Continued)

------26 (continued)

*Retrograde Amnesia
*Anterograde Amnesia

------27 (continued)

Recall
Recognition
Relearning
Priming
Déjà vu
State-dependent memory
Mood congruent

------28

*Decay Theory/Transience
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
“Tip of the tongue” or “Tip of the
finger” Phenomenon
Proactive Interference
Retroactive interference
*Positive, Negative Transfer
Repression
Misinformation Effect
Source Amnesia
*Encoding Specificity Principle
*Transience

------29

Cognition
*Metacognition
Concept/*Concept Formation
Prototype
Algorithm
Heuristic
Insight (learning)
Confirmation Bias
Fixation
Mental Set or expectancy theory
Functional Fixedness
Representativeness Heuristic
Availability Heuristic
Overconfidence Bias
Framing
Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
*Serial and Parallel processing (208)
*Learning Curve
*Serial and Parallel Processing
(refer back to 208)

COGNITION OUTLINE CONTINUED

Module 30-Language

------

VOCABVII (Continued)

------30

Language
Noam Chomsky
Phoneme
Morpheme
Grammar
Semantics
Syntax
Babbling stage
One-word, Two Word stages
Telegraphic speech
*overgeneralizing or overregularization
*universal grammar
*language acquisition device
*critical period
B.L. Whorf’s theory of language acquisition
Linguistic relativism (determinism)
Linguistic determinism
Wolfgang Kohler insight study (chimps)

XI. Testing and Individual Differences

5-7% of AP Exam

A. Standardization and Norms

ST: 446-447

Module 32

B. Reliability and Validity

ST: 447-448

Module 32

C. Types of Tests (reevaluate in personality chapter later)

ST: 442-445, 604-605, 618-622

Modules 32, 45, 46

D. Ethics and Standards in Testing

ST: 464-465

Module 33

E. Intelligence

ST: 430-466

Modules 31, 32, 33

VOCAB XI: TESTING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES (36 terms)

------31

Intelligence
Factor analysis
Charles Spearman
General Intelligence or “G” Factor
Savant Syndrome
Howard Gardner
Emotional Intelligence
Creativity
Divergent Thinking vs. *Convergent
Speed of processing

------32

*Culture Fair test [Raymond Cattell]
Intelligence Test
Mental Age
Stanford-Binet test
Intelligent Quotient (IQ)
Aptitude Test
Achievement Test
*Flynn Effect
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Lewis Terman
Standardization
Normal Curve
Reliability
Validity
Content Validity
Criterion
Predictive validity
Mental Retardation
Down Syndrome

------33

*Crystallized vs. Fluid intelligence
Heritability
Stereotype threat
*Robert Sternberg
*Triarchic Theory of intelligence
*Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
*Eugenics [Francis Galton]

X. Personality

5-7% of AP Exam

A. Personality Theories and Approaches

ST: 597-633

Modules 44, 45, 46

B. Assessment Techniques

ST: 604-605, 613, 618-622, 632-633

Modules 44, 45, 46

VOCAB X: Personality (74 terms; double-sided)

------44

Personality
Sigmund Freud
*Anna Freud
Free association
Psychoanalysis
Unconscious
Id
Pleasure Principle
Ego
Reality Principle
Superego
Psychosexual Stages
Oedipus complex
Oral stage
Anal stage
Phallic stage
Latency stage
Genital stage
Identification vs. *Internalization (Freud)
Fixation (Freudian)
Defense Mechanisms
Repression
Regression
Reaction Formation
Projection
Rationalization
Displacement (defense mechanism)
*Sublimation
*Transference
Collective Unconscious
*Carl Jung anima/animus
Psychodynamic theories
*Alfred Adler
*Inferiority complex
*Karen Horney
Projective Test
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Terror Management Theory

------45

Abraham Maslow
Humanistic Psychology

PERSONALITY OUTLINE CONTINUED

C. Growth and Adjustment

ST: 155-156, 613,

633-638

Module 9.11 and Modules 45, 46

VOCAB X (continued)

------45 (continued)

Albert Bandura
Self-Actualization
*Self-efficacy

------46

Carl Rogers
Unconditional Positive Regard
Self-concept
*Gordon Allport’s personality trait theory
Trait
*Carl Jung – archetype
Myers-Briggs Personality Test
Hans Eysenck’s Personality Assessment
*introversion
*extroversion
Temperament (refer back to module 6.6)
Jerome Kagan
Personality Inventory
Minnesota Multiphasic Pers. Inv. (MMPI)
Empirically Derived Test
Big Five Personality Theory
[Paul Costa, Robert McCrae]
Walter Mischel
Social Cognitive Perspective
Reciprocal Determinism
Personal control
External Locus of Control
Internal Locus of Control
Learned Helplessness
Positive Psychology
Spotlight effect
Self-esteem
Self-serving Bias
*Cattell’s Personality Assessment
(16 Personality Factors)
*Nomothetic and Idiographic
Methodology
*High and Low Self Monitor

VI. Learning

7-9% of AP Exam

A. Classical Conditioning

ST: 312-320

Module 21

B. Operant Conditioning

ST: 323-336

Module 22

C. Cognitive Processes

ST: 317, 331-332

Modules 21, 22

D. Biological Factors

ST: 317-319, 332-333, 338

Modules 21, 22, 23

VOCAB VI: Learning (69 terms, double-sided)------21

Associative Learning
Classical Conditioning
Learning
John Locke (p. 250, 309)
Behaviorism
Ivan Pavlov
*Reflex
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
Acquisition
*Delayed Conditioning
*Trace Conditioning
*Simultaneous Conditioning
*Backward conditioning
*Higher Order Conditioning
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Spontaneous Recovery
Generalization
Discrimination
Robert Rescorla
Cognitive processes
John Garcia
*Aversive conditioning/therapy (taste aversion)
Biological predispositions
*Systematic Desensitization
John Watson

------22

Operant Conditioning
Respondent behavior
Operant behavior
B.F. Skinner
E.L. Thorndike
Law of Effect
Operant chamber
Shaping/*chaining
*Discriminative Stimulus
Reinforcer/reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Primary Reinforcer
Secondary Reinforcer (conditioned)
Continuous Reinforcement

LEARNING OUTLINE CONTINUED

E. Social Learning

ST: 338-343

Module 23

VOCAB VI (continued)

------22 (continued)

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
*Successive Approximations
*Shaping
*Extinction (in operant conditioning)
*Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval
*Premack principle
Punishment
*Omission Training (Negative Punishment)
*Escape and Avoidance Responses
Cognitive Map
Latent Learning
*Edward Tolman
Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation
*Learned helplessness vs. coping

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