6 INTRODUCTION
Rota virus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea among infants and young children 1 and is one of theseveral viruses that cause infections often called stomach flu ,despite having relation to influenza. Rota virusgastroenteritis is mild to severe diseases characterize vomiting, watery diarrhea and low-grade fever. Once get infected by the virus, there is an incubation period of about two days before symptoms appear. Adults are rarely affected. The disease is self limiting and recovery occurs within 5-10 days. There are five species of this viruses. Rota virus A, B, C, D & E. Rota virus is transmitted by the faecal –oral route, via contact withcontaminated hands, surfaces and objects and possibly by respiratory route. Dehydration is more common in rota virus infection. The genome consist of double stranded segmented RNA. The complete rotavirus particle is 65-70 nm in diameter and has a smooth surface. The virus multiplies in epithelial cells of small intestine and are excreted in the stool during the first days of diarrhea. The family of rota virus is Rheoviridae. Prevalence of therotaviraldiarrhea in the Indian pediatric population varied from 4-62.6% as implied in the literature2-8. Incidence of rotaviraldiarrhoea is hardly reported from Coastal Karnataka region except a few.9 The present study is conducted to investigate the prevalence of rotavirus among 200 Paediatric cases admitted to our institution. An attempt is also done to study the other organisms Associated with diarrhea in these cases.
7. OBJECTIVES:
[1] To evaluate the prevalence of rota virus amoung 200 paediatric cases with diarrhea admitted inour hospital.[2] To study the profile of other enteric pathogens causing gastroenteritis in these children
8. REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
Group A rotaviruses are the single most important cause of severe acute diarrhea in young children throughout the world. It is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality among children younger than5 years of age in India. 20 to 30 percent hospitalized cases of diarrhea are due to rotaviruses10-11. Review ofliterature revealed that the prevalence of Rotavirus diarrhoea from 4% to 62.5%12.These wide ranges obviously reflect differences in age group studied ,detection methods employed ,geographical location, time of onset andduration of the investigation. Epidemiological and molecular studies in many countries show complex patternsof change from year to year in the serotypes andelectrophero types that cause diarrhea in hospitalized children from the same geographical areas .Recent epidemiological studies in India,Bangladesh,and the unitedstates show that other G and P types (G5,G6,G8,G9,G 10,P2A [6],P8 [11] can be common and may be ofemerging importance in some communities.13-14 Thus ,expensive epidemiological studies on rotavirus serotypes are required to map annual changes in strains in different geographical areas. The data can be usefulto select areas for vaccine trials and to serve as baselines for identification of new stains ,should they emerge.
9. MATERIALS AND METHODS :
200 children below 5 years admitted in pediatric department for the complaints of acutediarrhea, attending pediatric Dept. of Father Muller Medical College, will be included in the study. Singlefaecalspecimen was collected from each patient within first to fourth day of illness.
10. STOOL SAMPLES :
Stool samples will be collected in wide mouth containers. Specimen will be processed for culture as well as modified acid fast stain for protozoal parasites according to the standard procedures .For the detection of rotavirus antigen ,the stool sample will be extracted using dilution buffer and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes and subjected to latex agglutination test according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
11.REFERENCES :
[1] Parashar UD, Holman RC, Clarke MJ, Bresee JS, Glass RI, Hospitalizations associated with rotavirus Diarrhea in the united states,1993 through 1995, surveillance based on the new TCD -9-CM rotavirus- Specific diagnostic code.j infect Dis,1997;177:13-17 [2] Raj P,BhanMK,PrasadAK,KumarR,BhandariN,Jayashree.S Electrophorectical study of the genome of Rotavirus electropherotypes in Delhi,India,JDiarrhoealDis Res 1993;11:14-18 [3] BroorS,Hussain.M,ChattergeeB,ChakrabortyA,Seth P. Temporal variation in the distribution of rotavirus Electrophoresis in Delhi,India,India.JDiarrhoealDis Res 1993;11:14-18 [4] BroorS,HussainM,ChatterjeeB,ChakraborthyA,Seth P. Direct detection and characterisation of rotavirus in to subgroups by dot blot hybridization an correlation with long and shortelectropherotypes.ClinDiagnVirol 1995;3:29-38 [5] KrishnanT,BurkeB,ShenS,NaikTN,DesselbergerU.Molecular epidemiology of human rotaviruses in Manipur:genome analysis of rotaviruses of long electropherotype and subgroup 1.Archvirol 1994;134:279-92 [6]KelkarSD,Prevalence of human group A rotavirus serotypes in pune,India(1990-1993) Indian J Med Res 1997;106:508-12 [7] HussainM,SethP,BroorS.Detection of group A rotavirus by reverse transcriptase andpolymerase chainReaction in faeces from children with acutegastroenteritis.ArchVirol1995;140:1225-33 [8] Ram s,KhuanaS,KhuranaSB,SharmaS,VadehraDV,BroorS,Biographical factors and rotavirus diarrhea.Indian J Med Res 1990;91:167-70 [9] BallalM,ShivanandaPG,Rotavirus and enteric pathogens in infantile diarrhea in Manipal,SouthIndia.IndianJ Pediatr 2002;69:393-396 [10] Perez-schaelI,GutinasMJ,PerezM,PagoneV,RojasAM,GonzalvezR,CuntoW,Hoshino Y,Kapikian AZ. Efficacy of the rhesus rotavirus-based Quadrivalent vaccine in infants and young children in VenezuelaN.Engl J Med 1997;337:1181-87 [11] KelkarSD,PurohitSD,SimhaKV.Prevalence of rotavirus diarrhea among hospitalized children inPune.India. Indian J Med Res 1999;109:131-35 [12] Bishop RF,Masendycz PJ, BuggH,CarlinJB,BarnesGL,Epidemiological patterns of rotaviruses causing severe Gastroenteritis in young children throughout Australia from 1993-1996. J ClinMicrobiol2001;39:1085-91 [13] UnicombLE,Podder G, GentschJR,WoodsPA,HassanKZ,FaruqueASG,AlbertMJ,GlassRI.Evidence of high Frequency genomic reassortment of group A rotavirus strains in Bangladesh:Emergence of type G 9 in 1995.J ClinMicrobiol 1998;37:1885-91 [14] KhetawatD,DuttaP,Chakraborti S. Emergence of rotavirus G4P8 strain among children suffering fromWatery diarrhea in Culcutta,India.Intervirol 2001;44:306-10