CulverCity H.S. • AP Chemistry

8,9,10 · Bonding, IMFs, Liquids & Solids

BIG PICTURE CHART

Atoms
H / He
Li / Be / B / C / N / O / F / Ne
Na / Mg / Al / Si / P / S / Cl / Ar
K / Ca / Sc / Ti / V / Cr / Mn / Fe / Co / Ni / Cu / Zn / Ga / Ge / As / Se / Br / Kr
Rb / Sr / Y / Zr / Nb / Mo / Tc / Ru / Rh / Pd / Ag / Cd / In / Sn / Sb / Te / I / Xe
Cs / Ba / La / Hf / Ta / W / Re / Os / Ir / Pt / Au / Hg / Tl / Pb / Bi / Po / At / Rn
Fr / Ra / Ac / Rf / Db / Sg / Bh / Hs / Mt / Ds / Rg / Cn /
/ Electronegativity: how much an atom wants an electron from another atom. (“TUG OF WAR”) [Noble Gases have no EN.)
  • Across period: increase protons, electrons more attracted to the nucleus, increase EN
  • Down family: increase layers of electrons, electrons less attracted to the nucleus, decrease EN
MetalsNon-Metals
Low EN; lose e- High EN; gain e-
Form + ionsForm – ions“Strong Non-Metals”“Weak Non-Metals”
N, O, F, ClAll Others
Bonds / COVALENT BONDS / IONIC BOND / METALLIC BOND
Non-Polar Covalent Bond / Polar Covalent Bond
Example / Cl – Cl / δ+δ–
H – Cl / +–
K – Cl / ++
K – K
Lewis Structures / / /
Description / Electrons shared equally
between atoms. / Electrons shared unequally between atoms. / Electrons transferred;
Attraction between oppositely charged ions. / Metal cations surrounded by
“sea of electrons.”
How do you Know? / Between non-metal atoms:
strong NM + strong NM
weak NM + weak NM / Between non-metal atoms:
strong NM + weak NM / Between cation and anion,
often M and NM. / Between metal atoms.
Compounds / Non-Polar Compound / Polar Compound /
How do you Know? / Either:
(1) All non-polar covalent bonds
OR
(2) Polar bonds cancel out. / (1) Compound has polar covalent bonds, AND
(2) Polar bonds do not cancel out.
Solids / Molecular Solid / Network Solid / Ionic Solid / Metallic Solid
Examples /
  • He, Kr, N2, F2, Br2, I2, P4, S8
  • H2O, NH3, CO2, NO2, C6H12O6
  • Organic Compounds
/
  • Cdiamond, Cgraphite
  • SiO2 (sand, glass, quartz)
/ Ionic Compounds (cation + anion)
  • NaCl, KCl, KI, FeCl3, CaCO3, CaCl2, MgSO4, Fe2O3, AgNO3
/ Metals: Pb, Ag, Au, Cu, Fe, Zn
Alloys: Brass (Cu+Zn),
Bronze (Cu+Sn),
Stainless Steel (Fe+Cr+C)
Description / Molecules of covalent compounds held by weak IMFs. / All non-metal atoms connected with covalent bonds. / Repeating lattice of
cations and anions. / A lattice of metal cations
in a sea of electrons.
Properties /
  • Low MP and BP
  • Poor Conductors
/
  • High MP and BP
  • Poor Conductors
    (except graphite)
/
  • Brittle
  • High MP and BP
  • Dissolves in H2O
  • Conducts as (ℓ) , (aq), (g)
/
  • Lustrous / shiny
  • Malleable / Ductile
  • Conducts heat + electricity

Inter-Particle Forces / Inter-Molecular
Forces (IMFs) / Covalent
Bonds / Ionic Bonds / Metallic
Bonds
IMFs / London Dispersion Forces / Dipole-Dipole Interactions / Hydrogen Bonding
Examples / CO2 / HCl / H2O
Description / Attractions between temporary induced dipoles; main IMF in
non-polar compounds. / Attractions between opposite charges of polar molecules. / Special kind of Dipole-Dipole Interactions where H is tethered between N, O, or F.
How do you Know? / Non-Polar Compounds / Polar Compounds / Polar Compounds with
H-N, H-O, or N-F