4. AT ROMANS TO 2 CORINTHIANS WITH TOC

ROMANS BACKGROUND

ROMANS 1V1-17

ROMANS 1V18-32

ROMANS 2V1-16

ROMANS 2V17-29

ROMANS 3V1-20

ROMANS 3V21-31

ROMANS 4V1-12

ROMANS 4V13-25

ROMANS 5V1-11

ROMANS 5V12-21

ROMANS 6V1-11

ROMANS 6V12-23

ROMANS 7V1-12

ROMANS 7V13-25

ROMANS 8V1-17

ROMANS 8V18-30

ROMANS 8V31-39

ROMANS 9V1-18

ROMANS 9V19-33

ROMANS 10V1-13

ROMANS 10V14-21

ROMANS 11V1-16

ROMANS 11V17-36

ROMANS 12V1-8

ROMANS 12V9-21

ROMANS 13V1-8

ROMANS 13V9-21

ROMANS 14V1-12

ROMANS 14V13-23

ROMANS 15V1-13

ROMANS 15V14-33

ROMANS 16V1-16

ROMANS 16V17-27

1 CORINTHIANS BACKGROUND

1 CORINTHIANS 1V1-17

1 CORINTHIANS 1V18-31

1 CORINTHIANS 2V1-10

1 CORINTHIANS 2V11-16

1 CORINTHIANS 3V1-11

1 CORINTHIANS 3V12-23

1 CORINTHIANS 4V1-13

1 CORINTHIANS 4V14-21

1 CORINTHIANS 5V1-13

1 CORINTHIANS 6V1-11

1 CORINTHIANS 6V12-20

1 CORINTHIANS 7V1-24

1 CORINTHIANS 7V25-40

1 CORINTHIANS 8V1-13

1 CORINTHIANS 9V1-15

1 CORINTHIANS 9V16-27

1 CORINTHIANS 10V1-18

1 CORINTHIANS 10V19-33

1 CORINTHIANS 11V1-16

1 CORINTHIANS 11V17-34

1 CORINTHIANS 12V1-15

1 CORINTHIANS 12V16-31

1 CORINTHIANS 13V1-13

1 CORINTHIANS 14V1-19

1 CORINTHIANS 14V20-40

1 CORINTHIANS 15V1-19

1 CORINTHIANS 15V20-44

1 CORINTHIANS 15V45-58

1 CORINTHIANS 16V1-12

1 CORINTHIANS 16V13-24

2 CORINTHIANS BACKGROUND

2 CORINTHIANS 1V1-11

2 CORINTHIANS 1v12-24

2 CORINTHIANS 2v1-17

2 CORINTHIANS 3V1-11

2 CORINTHIANS 3V12-18

2 CORINTHIANS 4V1-9

2 CORINTHIANS 4V10-18

2 CORINTHIANS 5V1-11

2 CORINTHIANS 5V12-21

2 CORINTHIANS 6V1-9

2 CORINTHIANS 6V10-18

2 CORINTHIANS 7V1-8

2 CORINTHIANS 7V9-16

2 CORINTHIANS 8V1-12

2 CORINTHIANS 8V13-24

2 CORINTHIANS 9V1-15

2 CORINTHIANS 10V1-9

2 CORINTHIANS 10V10-18

2 CORINTHIANS 11V1-15

2 CORINTHIANS 11V16-33

2 CORINTHIANS 12V1-10

2 CORINTHIANS 12V11-21

2 CORINTHIANS 13V1-14

ROMANS 1 TO 8

ROMANS AT COMMENTARY

Here are some chapters that we can point to as pillars in Paul’s theology. Without belaboring your current practice, if you wanted to focus on Paul’s thought, here’s a list of key chapters to memorize, including it’s contribution to Christian theology:

  • Romans 8 — wide-lens gospel
  • 1 Corinthians 1 — wisdom of God
  • 2 Corinthians 4 — our calling
  • Galatians 2 — zoom-lens gospel
  • Ephesians 2 — nature of the church
  • Philippians 2 — ethos of life
  • Colossians 1 — Jesus’ preeminence
  • 1 Thessalonians 5 — last things
  • 2 Thessalonians 1 — Jesus’ return
  • 1 Timothy 2 — local church practice
  • 2 Timothy 4 — priority of Scripture
  • Titus 2 — applied doctrine
  • Philemon 4-7 — gospel practical

John Piper

Francis Schaeffer’s exposition of chapters 1-8 is excellent. /The book of Deuteronomy has had a significant influence on the letters of Paul. Quotations are the most obvious evidence of this impact. Paul quotes Deuteronomy 13 times: • Rom 7:7 = Deut 5:21 (and/or Exod 20:17) • Rom 10:6–8 = Deut 30:11–14 • Rom 10:19 = Deut 32:21 • Rom 11:8 = Deut 29:3 (2:4 LXX; mixed with Isa 29:10) • Rom 12:19 = Deut 32:35 • Rom 13:9 = Deut 5:17–21 (and/or Exod 20:13–17) • Rom 15:10 = Deut 32:43 • 1 Cor 9:9 = Deut 25:4 • 2 Cor 13:1 = Deut 19:15 • Gal 3:10 = Deut 27:26 • Gal 3:13 = Deut 21:23 • Eph 6:2–3 = Deut 5:16 (and/or Exod 20:12) • 1 Tim 5:18 = Deut 25:4 Only Isaiah (22 times) and the Psalms (19 times) are quoted by Paul more often; Genesis is tied with Deuteronomy at 13. The 13 quotations can be grouped into four categories. [Douglas Moo] /

The prominent focus of Paul’s Epistles

The prominent focus of Paul’s Epistles is the New Testament economy of God (Eph. 1:10; 3;9; 1 Tim. 1:4). This divine economy, as the hidden mystery of God revealed in the dispensation of grace (Eph. 3;9, 5; Col. 1:26), is the mystery of God, which is Christ as the embodiment of God (Col. 2:2,9) and the mystery of Christ, which is the church as the Body of Christ (Eph. 3:4; 1:23). For revealing this economy, the basic and intrinsic structure of Paul’s writings is God in His Trinity – the Father, the Son, and the Spirit – dispensing Himself into His chosen, redeemed, and regenerated people as their life, life supply, and everything to make them His sons and Christ’s members (Rom. 8:29; Eph. 5:30). As His sons they are built together to be His habitation in their spirit (Eph. 2:21-22), and as Christ’s members they are tempered together to be His Body in the divine life (1 Cor. 12:12-13). Thus, they are joined to Him in a spiritual organic union (1 Cor. 6:17), partaking of His divine sonship (Eph. 1:5) and enjoying His unsearchable riches in Christ (Eph. 3:8) unto His fullness (Eph. 3:19) to be His expression in Christ through the Spirit, in this age and for eternity. What an economy is revealed in these fourteen epistles! (Recovery Kommentaar)

ROMANS BACKGROUND

Time: AD 56 (9th) [Some of those converted on the Day of Pentecost in Jerusalem probably returned to Rome and founded the church (Acts 2:10)]

Stats: 16 chapters/433 verses/9 447 words/87 questions/19 OT prophecies/4 new prophecies/388 verses of history/29 verses of fulfilled and 16 verses of unfulfilled prophecy

First missionary journey (AD 46-47), Acts 13:1-14:28

The second missionary journey (ca. AD 48-51), Acts 15:36-18:22

The third missionary journey (ca AD 52-57), Acts 18:23-21:16

Paul's final period of ministry

A. Arrest in Jerusalem (AD 57), Acts 21:17-23:22
B. Imprisonment in Caesarea (AD 57-60), Acts 23:23-26:32
C. The Voyage to Rome (AD 60), Acts 27:1-28:13
D. House Arrest in Rome (AD 61-62), Acts 28:14-31; Eph. 3:1, 4:1, 6:18-22; Phil. 1:12-26; 2:19-30; 4:1-3, 10-19; Col 4:7-18; Philm 22-24.

E. Release from Imprisonment and Resumption of Ministry (AD 63-64), 1 Tim. 1:3-4;

Titus 1:5, 3:12-13.

F. Subsequent Arrest and Execution (AD 64), 2 Tim. 1:8, 15-18; 4:7-21.

Key People:

Paul—apostle and author of the Book of Romans (1:1–16:22)

Phoebe—deaconess of the church at Cenchrea; trusted by Paul to deliver his letter (the Book of Romans) to the Roman believers (16:1–2)

Key Term: “Righteousness”. The Greek noun translated ‘righteousness’ is dikaiosune. It is closely related to the verb dikaioo, usually translated ‘justify’. This book is a longtheological argument about how unrighteous sinners may receive right standing with God (are justified).

Key Words:

Justification: Greek dikaiosis—4:25; 5:18—derived from the Greek verb dikaio, meaning “to acquit” or “to declare righteous,” used by Paul in 4:2, 5; 5:1. It is a legal term used of a favorable verdict in a trial. The word depicts a courtroom setting, with God presiding as the Judge, determining the faithfulness of each person to the law. In the first section of Romans, Paul makes it clear that no one can withstand God’s judgment (3:9–20). The law was not given to justify sinners but to expose their sin. To remedy this deplorable situation, God sent His Son to die for our sins in our place. When we believe in Jesus, God imputes His righteousness to us, and we are declared righteous before God. In this way, God demonstrates that He is both a righteous Judge and the One who declares us righteous, our Justifier (3:26).

Reconciliation: Greek katallage—5:11; 11:15—basically means “change” or “exchange.” In the context of relationships between people, the term implies a change in attitude on the part of both individuals, a change from enmity to friendship. When used to describe the relationship existing between God and a person, the term implies the change of attitude on the part of both a person and God. The need for change in the sinful ways of a human being is obvious, but some argue that no change is needed on the part of God. Yet inherent in the doctrine of justification is the changed attitude of God toward the sinner. God declares a person who was formerly His enemy to be righteous before Him.

Hope: Greek elpis—4:18; 5:2; 8:20, 24; 12:12; 15:4, 13—denotes “confident expectation” or “anticipation,” not “wishful thinking” as in common parlance. The use of the word hope in this context is unusual and ironic, for it suggests that the Gentiles, who know nothing or little about the Messiah, were anticipating His coming. However, we need only think of Cornelius (Acts 10) to realize that some Gentiles had anticipated the coming of the Jewish Messiah. Jesus was sent not only for the salvation of the Jews, but also for the Gentiles. Since God is the Author of our salvation, we can call Him the God of hope for He has given us hope (15:13).

Law: Greek nomos—2:12, 27; 3:27; 4:15; 7:1, 7, 23; 9:31; 13:10—means an inward principle of action, either good or evil, operating with the regu-larity of a law. The term also designates a standard for a person’s life. The Apostle Paul described three such laws. The first is called “the law of sin” which was operating through his flesh, causing him to sin. Paul, like all other believers, needed another law to overcome “the law of sin.” This is “the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus,” which makes us “free from the law of sin and death” (8:2). By following this law, believers can actually fulfill the righteous requirements of God’s law (8:4), which is the third law in this section. God’s law is the standard for human action that corresponds to the righteous nature of God.

Key Text:

Romans 1:16-17 Want ek skaam my nie oor die evangelie van Christus nie, want dit is 'n krag van God tot redding vir elkeen wat glo, eerste vir die Jood en ook vir die Griek. 17 Want die geregtigheid van God word daarin geopenbaar uit geloof tot geloof, soos geskrywe is: Maar die regverdige sal uit die geloof lewe.

“For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord” (Romans 6:23).

Provocation & Context:

Rome was the capital and most important city of the Roman Empire. It was founded in 753 b.c. but is not mentioned in Scripture until New Testament times. In Paul’s day, the city had a population of over one million people, many of whom were slaves. Rome boasted magnificent buildings, such as the emperor’s palace, the Circus Maximus, and the Forum, but the slums that surrounded and infiltrated the city marred its beauty. According to tradition, Paul was martyred outside Rome on the Ostian Way during Nero’s reign (a.d. 54 to 68).

Some of those converted on the Day of Pentecost in Jerusalem probably returned to Rome and founded the church (Acts 2:10). Paul had long wanted to visit the Roman church but had been prevented from doing so (1:13). As an example of God’s providence, Paul’s inability to visit Rome in person resulted in the gift of this inspired masterpiece of gospel doctrine.

Paul’s primary purpose in writing Romans was to teach the great truths of the gospel of grace to believers who had never received apostolic instruction. The letter also introduced him to a church where he was personally unknown. Paul still hoped to visit for several important reasons: to edify the believers (1:11); to preach the gospel (1:15); and to get to know the Roman Christians. He also anticipated their ministry to him by encouragement (1:12; 15:32), by prayer (15:30), and by help with his planned ministry in Spain (15:28).

Unlike some of his other epistles, Paul’s purpose for writing Romans was not to correct aberrant theology or rebuke ungodly living. The Roman church was doctrinally sound but, like all churches, needed the rich doctrinal and practical instruction that this letter provides.

One Sentence Summary:

Righteousness with God is given freely (imputed) to all those who have faith in Jesus Christ for salvation according to God’s eternal plan. Romans is the longest of Paul’s letters, and it has always had pride of place in the Pauline collection. It stands as the most comprehensive statement of the gospel in all the Bible. His passion for his subject led him to emotional outbursts, especially the famous, “God forbid!” In developing his argument he often 1) appealed to scripture, and 2) argued with an imagined opponent (called a “diatribe”), using phrases such as “O man” (2:1; 1\9:20).

Romans stands out among Paul’s many books, not simply because it is first in line and length, but because it offers the most complete summary of Paul’s thought. It was neither Paul’s earliest nor latest writing. He composed Romans as a mature reflection, under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, on the central themes of the gospel. The study of the Epistle to the Romans remains a required course in the school of Christian discipleship.

Basic Outline:

1.

Like so many of Paul’s epistles, the body of the letter has two parts. The first section may be called “God’s provision of righteousness” (chpts. 1-11); the second may be called “the saint’s fruit of righteousness (chpts. 12-16).

2.

Salvation: Justified from Sins (Chpts. 1:1-5:11)

Sanctification: Delivered from Sin (Chpts. 5:12-8:39)

Incorporation: The Jew and Gentile in God’s Plan (Chpts. 9-11)

Transformation: Life in the Body (Chpts. 12-16)

3.

  1. Greetings and Introduction (1:1-15)
  2. Theme (1:16-17)
  3. Condemnation: The Need of God’s Righteousness (1:18-3:20)
  4. Justification: The Provision of God’s Righteousness (3:21-5:21)
  5. Sanctification: The Demonstration of God’s Righteousness (6:1-8:39)
  6. Restoration: Israel’s Reception of God’s Righteousness (9:1-11:36)
  7. Application: The Behavior of God’s Righteousness (12:1-15:13)
  8. Conclusion, Greetings and Benediction (15:14-16:27)

4.

  1. Salutation......
  2. Paul’s Desire to Visit Rome...
  3. The Power of the Gospel.....
  4. The Condemnation of the Unrighteous
  5. The Condemnation of the Moralist
  6. The Condemnation of the Jew.
  7. The Condemnation of the World
  8. The Illustration of Justification.
  9. The Expectation of Justification
  10. The Amplification of Justification
  11. The Believer’s Freedom from Sin’s Domination
  12. The Believer’s Enslavement to God’s Righteousness
  13. The Believer’s Relationship to the Law
  14. The Believer’s Relationship to the Holy Spirit
  15. Israel’s Rejection Considered..
  16. Israel’s Rejection Culpable...
  17. Israel’s Rejection not Complete nor Final
  18. Consecration of the Believer’s Life
  19. Conduct in Humility......
  20. Conduct in Love......
  21. Submission to Civil Government
  22. Exhortation to Love Neighbors.
  23. Motivation to Godly Conduct..
  24. Exhortation to Mutual Forbearance
  25. Exhortation for the Strong not to Destroy the Weak
  26. Exhortation for the Strong to Help the Weak
  27. Exhortation to Mutual Acceptance
  28. Paul’s Motivation for Writing the Letter
  29. Paul’s Intention of Visiting the Romans
  30. Personal Greetings......

Sketch: The Gospel of God—To Make Sinners Sons of God to Constitute the Body of Christ, Which Is Expressed as the Local Churches.

Key Doctrines:

Mankind’s sinfulness—Sin separates every human from God; only Jesus Christ can reconcile God and man (3:9–20; Genesis 3:6–7; 18:20; Exodus 32:31; Deuteronomy 9:7; 1 Kings 8:46; 14:16; Psalm 38:18; Proverbs 20:9; Ecclesiastes 7:20; Jeremiah 2:22; Romans 5:12;
2 Corinthians 5:21; Hebrews 4:15; 7:26)

Justification by faith—Complete freedom from judgment and the bondage of sin comes by faith alone in Jesus Christ (1:16–17; 3:21–4:25; 5:1–2, 18; Leviticus 18:5; Isaiah 45:25; 50:8; 53:11; Jeremiah 23:6; Habakkuk 2:4; John 5:24; Acts 13:39; 1 Corinthians 6:11; Galatians 2:14–213:11; 5:4; Titus 3:7; James 2:10)

Sanctification—Through Christ’s atonement, believers are glorified and set apart for the service of God (6:1–8:39; 15:16; Psalm 4:3; Ezekiel 37:28; Acts 20:32; 26:18; 2 Corinthians 6:17; Ephesians 5:26–27;
1 Thessalonians 4:3–4; 5:23; 2 Thessalonians 2:13; 2 Timothy 2:21; Hebrews 2:11; 13:12; 1 Peter 1:2; Jude 1:1)

Reconciliation—The sacrifice of Jesus Christ renews the relationship between God and man (5:1, 10–11; Leviticus 8:15; 16:20; Daniel 9:24; Isaiah 53:5; Matthew 5:24–26; 2 Corinthians 5:18–20; Ephesians 2:14–16; Colossians 1:20–22; 2:14; Hebrews 2:17)

Quick Study:

  1. What major themes does Paul introduce in the first chapter of Romans?
  2. How does Paul discuss the subject of sin both personally and in relation to the world at large?
  3. In what ways do the following verses (3:23; 5:8; 6:23; 10:9–10) outline the gospel mentioned in Romans 1:16?
  4. How do the last five chapters of Romans differ from the first eleven?
  5. What key words have you had to take time to understand in your study of Romans?
  6. Summarize what Paul writes about the character and work of God in Romans
  7. In what ways has the message of Romans made a difference in your own life?

God’s Character:

God is accessible—5:2

God is eternal—1:20

God is forgiving—3:25

God is glorious—3:23; 6:4

God is good—2:4

God is incorruptible—1:23

God is just—2:11; 3:4, 26

God is long-suffering—2:4–5; 3:25; 9:22

God is loving—5:5, 8; 8:39; 9:11–13

God is merciful—9:15, 18

God is powerful—1:16, 20; 9:21–22

God is a promise keeper—1:1–2; 4:13, 16, 20; 9:4, 8; 15:8

God is provident—8:28; 11:33

God is reconciling—5:1, 10

God is righteous—2:5; 3:25–26

God is unsearchable—11:33

God is wise—11:33; 16:27

God is wrathful—1:18; 2:5–6, 8; 3:5–6; 5:9; 9:18, 20, 22

Christ Revealed:

The Book of Romans, functioning primarily as a doctrinal work, presents Christ as the Redeemer of mankind. Paul declares that faith in Christ alone bridges the chasm between the almighty God and sinful humanity. Thus, man is justified through the work of Christ on the cross.

The whole epistle is the story of God’s plan of redemption in Christ: the need for it (1:18 – 3:20), the detailed description of Christ’s work and its implications for Christians (3:21 – 11:36), and the application of the gospel of Christ to everyday life (12:1-16:27).

More specifically, Jesus Christ is our Savior, who obeyed God perfectly as our representative (5:18,19), and who died as our substitute sacrifice (3:25; 5:6, 8). He is the One in whom we must have faith for salvation (1:16, 17; 3:22; 10:9, 10). Through Christ we have many blessings: reconciliation to God (5:11); righteousness and eternal life (5:18-21); identification with Him in His death, burial, and resurrection (6:3-5); being alive to God (6:11); freedom from condemnation (8:1); eternal inheritance (8:17); suffering with Him (8:17); being glorified with Him (8:17); being made like Him (8:29); and the fact that He even now prays for us (8:34). Indeed, all of the Christian life seems to be lived through Him: prayer (1:8), rejoicing (5;11), exhortation (15;30), glorifying God (16:27), and in general, living to God and obeying Him (6:11; 13:14).

The Holy Spirit at Work:

The Holy Spirit gives power in preaching the gospel and in working miracles (15:19), dwells in all who belong to Christ (8:9-11), and gives us life (8:11). He also makes us progressively more holy in daily life, empowering us to obey God and overcome sin (2:29; 7:6; 8:2, 13; 15;13, 16), giving us a pattern of holiness to follow (8:4), guiding us in it (8:14), and purifying our consciences to bear true witness (9:1). The Holy Spirit pours God’s love into our hearts (5;5; 15:30), along with joy, peace, and hope by His power (14:17; 15:13). He enables us to pray rightly (8:26) and to call God our Father, thereby giving inward spiritual assurance that we are God’s children (8:16). We are to set our minds on the things of the Spirit if we wish to be pleasing to God (8;5,6). Though Paul discusses spiritual gifts briefly in Romans (12:3-8), he makes no explicit mention of the Holy Spirit in connection with these gifts, except to refer to them as “spiritual” (or “of the Spirit”) in 1:11. The present work of the Holy Spirit in us is only a foretaste of His future heavenly work in us (8:23).

Content:

  • Christus ons geregtigheid.
  • Die Evangelie van God.
  • Paulus se uiteensetting van die evangelie.
  • Oorwinning or die straf, die mag en die teenwoordigheid van die sonde.
  • Jood en Heiden in een gemeente in harmonie.
  • God / Rebellion and Sin / Covenant and Redemption / Community and Church / Ethics and Morality.
  • Righteousness with God is given freely (imputed) to all those who have faith in Jesus Christ for salvation according to God’s eternal plan.
  • Summary of Christian doctrine.
  • Righteousness / Law / Sin / Justification / Sanctification / Transformation.
  • Romans: Christ the power of God to us. (Jesus)
  • Romans: The Gospel and its message. (Gospel)
  • Romans: In Christ—justification. (Union)
  • Romans - Nature of Christ's Work. A systematic examination of justification, sanctification, and glorification. Examines God’s plan for the Jews and the Gentiles.
  • In ROMANS we are JUSTIFIED in Christ.

OT QUOTATIONS: