Original Context / Metaphor Source & Domain / Metaphor Type / SOURCE DOMAIN / TARGET DOMAIN / MAPPING
When the battle’s lost and won / WINNING
CONCEPT / LOSING
COUNTER-CONCEPT / WINNING IS LOSING
A CONCEPT IS ITS COUNTER-CONCEPT
Fair is foul, and foul is fair[1] / Creative metaphor / Creative / FAIR
CONCEPT
FOUL
CONCEPT / FOUL
COUNTER-CONCEPT
FAIR
COUNTERCONCEPT / FAIR IS FOUL
A CONCEPT IS ITS COUNTER-CONCEPT
FOUL IS FAIR
A CONCEPT IS ITS COUNTERCONCEPT
Doubtful it stood,
As two spent swimmers that do cling together (10)
And choke their art[2] / ‘as two spent swimmers’ is a simile
‘choke their art’ is a personification / BATTLEFIELD
FIGHTERS
FIGHTING
SKILL
LOSING SKILL / SEA
SWIMMERS
COMPETING
PERSON (THE OBJECT OF SUFFOCATING)
SUFFOCATING / THE BATTLEFIELD IS SEA
FIGHTERS ARE SWIMMERS
FIGHTING IS COMPETING
SKILL IS A PERSON (SUFFOCATED)
LOSING SKILL IS SUFFOCATING
The multiplying villainies of nature
Do swarm[3] upon him... / VILLAINIES
VILLAIN / INSECTS
A VICTIM OF AN INFERIOR SPECIES / VILLAINIES ARE INSECTS
A VILLAIN IS THE VICTIM OF AN INFERIOR SPECIES
And fortune, on his damned quarrel smiling,
Show'd like a rebel's whore, / Mythology[4] / ‘fortune on his damned quarrel’ is a personification
‘like a rebel’s whore’ is a simile / FORTUNE
FORTUNE / SMILES
LIKE A WHORE / FORTUNE HAS HUMAN TRAITS
FORTUNE HAS HUMAN QUALITIES
Macbeth ...
Disdaining fortune, with his brandish'd steel,
Which smoked with bloody execution,(20)
Like valor's minion carved out his passage
/ Mythology / Metaphoric extension:Creative metaphor
‘steel’ is metonymy for ‘sword’
‘brandished steel’ is an idiom
’like valor’s minion’ is a simile and apersonification / FORTUNE
SWORD
EXECUTION
ACTION
COURAGE
THE SUBJECT OF HEROISM
ADVANCING
MOVEMENT / OBJECT OF DISDAIN
STEEL
FIRE
HEAT
THE SUBJECT OF LOVE
OBJECT OF LOVE OF COURAGE
CARVING
ACTION / FORTUNE IS THE OBJECT OF DEDAIN
SWORD IS STEEL
EXECUTION IS FIRE
ACTION IS HEAT
COURAGE IS THE SUBJECT OF LOVE
THE SUBJECT OF HEROISM IS AN OBJECT OF LOVE FORCOURAGE
ADVANCING IS CARVING
MOVEMENT IS ACTION
Till he faced the slave,
Which ne'er shook hands, nor bade farewell to him,
Till he unseam'd him from the nave to the chaps,
And fix'd his head upon our battlements.(25) / ENEMY
THE OBJECT OF ANIMOSITY
COMMUNICATION / SLAVE
SOCIAL-INFERIOR
ACTION / ENEMY IS SLAVE
THE OBJECT OF ANIMOSITY IS A SOCIAL INFERIOR
COMMUNICATION IS ACTION
As whence the sun ’gins his reflection
Shipwrecking storms and direful thunders break,
So from that spring whence comfort seem'd to come
Discomfort swells...(30)
/ Mythological Reference
War / An extended simile
‘comfort seemed to come’ is a personification / WAR
HERO
VICTORY
COMFORT
EMOTION
DISCOMFORT
EMOTION / STORM AND THUNDER
SUN
SPRING
MOVES
HAS HUMAN ATTRIBUTES
SWELLS
STRETCHABLE OBJECT / WAR IS A STORM AND A THUNDER
HERO IS SUN
VICTORY IS SPRING
COMFORT MOVES
EMOTION HAS HUMAN ATRRIBUTES (PERSON)
DISCOMFORT SWELLS
EMOTION IS A STRETCHABLE OBJECT
No sooner justice had, with valor arm'd,
Compell'd these skippingkerns to trust their heels,
But the Norweyan lord, surveying vantage,
With furbish'd arms ...
Began a fresh assault.(35) / Cross-sensory
Colour / Metaphoric Extension
‘justice had with valor armed’ is a personification
‘trust their heels’ is an idiom
‘trust their heels’ is a personification
Metonymy / JUSTICE
COURAGE
HEELS
OPPORTUNITY
SEEING EYE
LOADED SWORDS
READINESS / ARMED SOLDIER
A WEAPON
OBJECT OF TRUST
OBJECT
THINKING
MIND
FURBISHED SWORDS
COLOUR ATTRIBUTE / JUSTICE IS AN ARMED SODLEIR
COURAGE IS A WEAPON
HEELS ARE THE OBJECT OF TRUST
OPPORTUNITY IS AN OBJECT
SEEING IS THINKING
THE EYE IS MIND
LOADED SWORDS ARE FURBISHED SWORDS
READINESS IS A COLOUR-ATTRIBUTE
As sparrows eagles, or the hare the lion... (40)
/ Animals / ‘as sparrows eagles’ is a simile / SUBJECT OF HEROISM
OBJECT OF ANIMOSITY
FIGHTING / EAGLE/LION
SPARROW/HARE
PREDATION / THE SUBJECT OF HEROISM IS A STRONGER ANIMALEAGLE/LION
THE OBJECT OF ANIMOSITY IS A WEAKER ANIMAL SPARROW/HARE
FIGHTING IS PREDATION
As cannons overcharged with double cracks[5],
So they
Doubly redoubled strokes upon the foe / ‘as cannons’ is a simile
metonymy / SUBJECT OF HEROISM
ENTHUSIASM / WEAPONRY
AN EXPLOSIVE / THE SUBJECT OF HEROISM IS WEAPONRY
ENTHUSIASM IS AN EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL INSIDE A WEAPON
Except they meant to bathe[6] in reeking wounds,
/ Creative extension / Creative extension
hyperbole/overstatement
‘reeking wounds’ is metonymy for ‘fresh wounds’ / BATTLEFIELD
FIGHTING
BLOOD
LIFE
FRESH WOUNDS
ACTION / SEA
SWIMMING
SEAWATER
HEAT
REEKING WOUNDS
FIRE / THE BATTLEFIELD IS SEA
FIGHTING IS SWIMMING
BLOOD IS SEAWATER
LIFE IS HEAT
FRESH WOUNDS ARE REEKING WOUNDS
ACTION IS FIRE
Or memorize another Golgotha[7],(45)
I cannot tell—
But I am faint; my gashes cry for help. / Biblical reference / ‘my gashes cry for help’ is a personification / WOUNDS / CRY FOR HELP / WOUNDS CRY FOR HELP (Person)
So well thy words become thee as thy wounds;
They smack of honor both / Creative extension
Cross-sensory
Clothing
Food / Creative extension
‘words become thy wounds’ is a personification
simile / WORDS
WOUNDS
WORDS
HONOUR
CONCEPTUALIZING
MIND / CLOTHES
BODY
FOOD
APPETIZER
TASTING
ORGAN OF TASTE / WORDS ARE CLOTHES
WOUNDS ARE BODY (PERSON)
WORDS ARE FOOD
HONOUR IS APPETIZER
CONCEPTUALIZING IS TASTING
MIND IS THE ORGAN OF TASTE
What a haste looks through his eyes! ...
That seems to speak things strange / Metaphoric extension
Cross-sensory domain / HASTE
MOTION
EYE
ORGAN OF SEEING
LOOKING
ORGAN OF SEEING
LOOKING
EYE / AN EYE ATTRIBUTE
VISUAL PERCEPTION
LEG
MOVEMENT ORGAN
MOVING
SPEECH ORGAN
SPEAKING
MOUTH / HASTE IS AN EYE ATTRIBUTE
MOTION IS A VISUAL PERCEPTION
EYE IS LEG
THE ORGAN OF SEEING IS THE ORGAN OF MOVING
LOOKING IS MOVING
THE SEEING ORGAN IS THE SPEECH ORGAN
LOOKING IS SPEAKING
THE EYE IS THE MOUTH
God save the King! / Biblical Reference[8] / Royalty / DIVINE AUTHORITY / ROYALTY IS DIVINE AUTHORITY
From Fife...
Where the Norweyan banners flout the sky
And fan our people cold.[9] / ‘banners…fan our people cold’ is a personification
metonymy / BANNERS
DEITY
ENTHUSIASM
EMOTION
NATIONAL CAUSE
WEAKENIN / DISOBEDIENT
SKY
HEAT
TEMPERATURE
SACRED MISSION
COLDNESS / BANNERS ARE DISOBEDIENT
DEITY IS SKY
ENTHUSIASM IS HEAT
EMOTION IS TEMPERATURE
NATIONAL STRUGGLE IS SACRED MISSION
WEAKENING IS COLDNESS
Norway himself... began a dismal conflict, / Metonymy / KING OF NORWAY
AUTHORITY / NORWAY
BE-ALL / THE KING OF NORWAY IS NORWAY
POWER IS THE BE-ALL
Till that Bellona's bridegroom, lapp'd in proof,
Confronted him ...,(65)
/ Metaphoric extension
Mythological Reference[10] / SUBJECT OF HEROISM
NATIONAL CAUSE
VICTORY
PROOF (TRUTH)
VERITY / DEITY
SACRED MISSION
WEDDING
ARMOUR
GARMENT
(clothing) / THE SUBJECT OF HEROISM IS A DEITY
NATIONAL CAUSE IS A SACRED MISSION
VICTORY IS A WEDDING
PROOF IS AN ARMOUR
VERITY IS A GARMENT (clothing)
Curbing his lavish spirit; and...,
The victory fell on us. / Creative metaphor (victory is a falling object) / Creative metaphor (victory is a falling object) / REBEL
REBELLION
VICTORY / ANIMAL
LAVISHNESS
FALLING OBJECT / A REBEL IS AN ANIMAL
REBELLION IS LAVISHNESS
VICTORY IS A FALLING OBJECT
ThenNorways’ king, craves composition;(70)
Nor would we deign him burial of his men
Till he disbursed, Ten thousand dollars .. / SUBJECT OF VICTORY
OBJECT OF DEFEAT / SUPERIOR
SOCIAL INFERIOR / THE SUBJECT OF VICTORY IS AN AUTHORITY
THE OBJECT OF DEFEAT IS A SOCIAL INFERIOR
No more that Thane of Cawdor shall deceive
Our bosom interest. / ‘bosom interests’ is metonymy for ‘dear interests’
‘deceive our bosom interest’ personification / DEAR INTERESTS
INTERESTS / BOSOM INTERESTS
OBJECT OF DECEPTION / DEAR INTERESTS ARE BOSOM INTERESTS
INTERESTS ARE THE OBJECT OF DECEPTION (PERSON)
What he hath lost, noble Macbeth hath won / TITLE
POWER / PROPERTY / TITLE IS PROPERTY
POWER IS PROPERTY
the rump-fedronyon cries.
I will drain him dry as hay:
Hang upon his penthouse lid;
/ ‘penthouse lid’ is a creative linguistic metaphoric structure / metonymy
metonymy
‘drain him dry as hay’ is a simile / FAT
EYELID
DEAD / RUMP FED
PENTHOUSE LID
DRY AS HAY / FAT IS RUMP-FED
EYELID IS A PENTHOUSE
DEAD IS DRY AS HAY
So foul and fair a day I have not seen. / Creative metaphor (conceptual creativity[11]) / DAY
FAIR
CONCEPT / HAS AN AESTHETIC VALUE
FOUL
COUNTERCONCEPT / DAY HAS AN AESTHETIC VALUE
FAIR IS FOUL
A CONCEPT IS ITS COUNTER CONCEPT
What are these(40)
/ STRANGENESS / ATTRIBUTE OF OBJECTS / STRANGENESS IS AN ATTRIBUTE OF OBJECTS
So wither'd (wrinkled), and so wild in their attire,
/ PERSON
OLD AGE
CATEGORIZATION / PLANT
WITHERING
CLOTHING / A PERSON IS A PLANT
OLD AGE IS WITHERING
CATEGORIZATION IS CLOTHING
That look not like the inhabitants o’ the earth,
And yet are on't? Live you? / metonymy / HUMAN-BEINGS / INHABITANTS OF THE EARTH / HUMAN-BEINGS ARE INHABITANTS OF THE EARTH
You seem to understand me,
By each at once her choppy finger laying(45)
Upon her skinny lips. / metonymy
metonymy / COMMUNICATION
OLD
OLD AGE
UGLY / PHYSICAL GESTURE
SKIN-CHOPPED
PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTE
SKINNY-LIPPED / COMMUNICATION IS A PHYSICAL GESTURE
OLD IS SKIN-CHOOPED
OLD AGE IS A PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTE
UGLY IS SKINNY-LIPPED
You should be women,
And yet your beards forbid me to interpret
That you are so. / WOMEN
GENDER / BREADLESS
PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTE / WOMEN ARE BEARDLESS
GENDER IS A PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTE
Speak, if you can. What are you? / STRANGENESS / AN ATTRIBUTE OF THINGS / STRANGENESS IS AN ATTRIBUTE OF THINGS
All hail, Macbeth! hail to[12] thee, Thane of Glamis!(50) / Biblical reference/ symbol
why do you ... fear
Things that do sound so fair? / Cross-sensory metaphor
Cross sensory (synaesthesia) / FAIRNESS
HEARING / AN ATTRIBUTE OF WORDS
SEEING / FAIRNESS IS AN ATTRIBUTE OF WORDS
HEARING IS SEEING
My noble partner
You greet with present grace and great prediction
Of noble having and of royal hope,
That he seems rapt withal. / personification
personification / GRACE
PREDICTION
HOPE
ASTONISHMENT / GREETING OBJECT
GREETING OBJECT
ROYAL
PHYSICAL GESTURE / GRACE IS A GREETING OBJECT
PREDICTION IS A GREETING OBJECT
HOPE IS ROYAL
ASTONISHMENT IS A PHYSICAL GESTURE
If you can look into the seeds of time,
And say which grain will grow and which will not[13],
Speak then to me.. / Biblical reference
Plants / TIME
EVENTS / PLANT
SEEDS / TIME IS A PLANT
EVENTS ARE SEEDS
Lesser than Macbeth, and greater. / RANK / QUANTITY / RANK IS QUANTITY
to be King
Stands not within the prospect of belief,
.... Say from whence
You owe this strange intelligence, or why
... you stop our way (80)
With such prophetic greeting? / personification / PROBABILITY
KNOWLEDGE
PROPHECY
KNOWING
MIND / STANDS
POSSESSION
SEEING FUTURE
SEEING
EYE / PROBABILITY IS A PERSON
KNOWLEDGE IS POSSESSION
PROPHECY IS SEEING THE FUTURE
KNOWING IS SEEING
MIND IS EYE
The earth hath bubbles as the water has,
And these are of them. / Creative metaphor
simile / EARTH
WITCHES / WATER
BUBBLES / THE EARTH IS WATER
THE WITCHES ARE BUBBLES
Whither are they vanish'd Into the air, and what seem'd corporal melted
As breath into the wind.!(85) / Creative metaphor
‘vanish into the air’ is an idiom
simile / DISAPPEARING
FANTASY / MELTING
BREATH / DISAPPEARING IS MELTING
FANTASY IS BREATH
have we eaten on the insane root[14]
That takes the reason prisoner? / Historical & geographic reference[15] / ‘insane root that takes the reason prisoner’ is a personification / INSANITY
MIND
INSANE ROOT / IMPRISONMENT
PRISONER
JAILOR / INSANITY IS IMPRISONMENT
THE MIND IS A PRISONER
THE INSANE ROOT IS A JAILOR (PERSON)
when he reads
Thy personal venture in the rebels’ fight,(95)
His wonders and his praises do contend
Which should be thine or his. ... / Cross-sensory / ‘his wonders and his praises do contend’ is a personification / THINKING
MIND
ASTONISHMENT / READING
MOUTH
ARGUES WITH PRAISE / THINKING IS READING
MIND IS MOUTH
ASTONISHMENT ARGUES WITH PRAISE (PERSON)
Silenced with this / Metonymy / ASTONISHMENT / SILENCE / ASTONISHMENT IS SILENCE
He finds thee in the stout Norweyan ranks, / STRENGTH / WEIGHT / STRENGTH IS WEIGHT
Strange images of death. As thick as hail
Came post with post, and every one did bear
Thy praises ...
And pour'd them down before him. / creative (pouring news)
conduit metaphor / Creative metaphor
‘as thick as hail’ is a simile / QUANTITY
NEWS
NEWS
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATING
NEWS / THICKNESS (SIZE)
RAIN
LIGHT OBJECTS
CONDUIT
POURING
LIQUID / QUANTITY IS SIZE
NEWS IS RAIN
NEWS ARE LIGHT OBJECTS
COMMUNICATION IS A CONDUIT
COMMUNICATING IS POURING
NEWS ARE LIQUIDS
We are sent(105)
Only to herald thee into his sight,
Not pay thee. / SIGHT
VISUAL OBJECT / CONTAINER
INSIDE THE CONTAINER / SIGHT IS A CONTAINER
A VISUAL OBJECT IS INSIDE THE CONTAINER
What, can the devil speak true? / UNIDENTIFIED CREATURE / METAPHYSICAL INFERIOR / AN UNIDENTIFIED CREATURE IS A METAPHYSICAL INFERIOR
The Thane of Cawdor lives. Why do you dress me
In borrow'd robes?(115) / Clothing / TITLE/AUTHORITY
TITLE / ROBE
PROPERTY / AUTHORITY IS A ROBE
TITLE IS A PROPERTY
Who was the Thane lives yet,
But under heavy judgement bears that life
Which he deserves to lose. / LIFE
LIFE
JUDGEMENT / AN OBJECT
PROPERTY
WEIGHT / LIFE IS AN OBJECT
LIFE IS A PROPERTY
JUDGEMENT IS WEIGHT
Whether he was combined
With those of Norway, or did line the rebel
With hidden help and vantage, ...
He labor'd in his country's wreck, I know not; / Orientational metaphor / ALLYING
SUPPORTING
HELP
COUNTRY
INVADING / GATHERING
LINGING WITH
HIDDEN
CONSTRUCTION
DESTROYING / ALLYINGIS GATHERING
SUPPORTING IS AN ORIENTATION
HELP IS AN OBJECT
COUNTRY IS A CONSTRUCTION
INVADING IS DESTROYING
But treasons capital, confess'd and proved,
Have overthrown him. / ‘treasons capital’ have overthrown him personification / TREASONS
DISPOWERING / OVERTHROW
THROWING OFF / TREASONS OVERTHROW (PERSON)
DISPOWERING IS THROWING OFF
The greatest is behind. / Orientational metaphor / Creative metaphor[16] / FUTURE / BEHIND / THE FUTURE IS BACK ORIENTATION
That, trusted home, (130)
Might yet enkindle you unto the crown, / ‘trusted home’ is an idiom / AMBITION / FIRE / AMBITION IS FIRE
But ...to win us to our harm,
The instruments of darkness tell us truths,
...with honest trifles, to betray's(135)
In deepest consequence— / an extended Biblical image
‘deepest consequence’ is an orientational metaphor / metonymy / VICE
COLOUR
WITCHES
MAN
DECEIVING
VALIDITY
BETRAYAL
CONSEQUENCE
QUALITY / DARKNESS
MORAL VALUE
INSTRUMENT OF DARKNESS
OBJECT OF STRUGGLE WINNINGAN OBJECT
CONCEALING THE INWARD
A HOLLOW OBJECT
DEPTH / VICE IS DARKNESS
COLOUR HAS A MORAL VALUE
WITCHES ARE INSTRUMENTS OF DARKNESS
MAN IS THE OBJECT OF STRUGGLE BETWEEN FORCES OF EVIL AND FORCES OF GOOD
DECEIVING IS WINNING
VALIDITY IS AN OBJECT
BETRAYAL IS CONCEALING THE INWARD
CONSEQUENCE IS A HOLLOW OBJECT
QUALITY IS DEPTH
Two truths are told,
As happy prologues to the swelling act
Of the imperial theme! / Creative metaphor / Creative metaphor
‘swellling act’ is metonymy
‘imperial theme’ is metonymy / GLORY
AUTHORITY / SWELLING
ACT
EXPANSION / GLORYIS A A SWELLING ACT
AUTHORITY IS EXPANSION
This supernatural soliciting
Cannot be ill, cannot be good. / UNIDENTIFIED / SUPERNATURAL / UNIDENTIFIED IS SUPERNATURAL
If ill,
Why hath it given me earnest of success,
Commencing in a truth? / Creative extension / SUCCESS / AN OBJECT / SUCCESS IS AN OBJECT
If good, why do I yield to that suggestion (145)
Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair
And make my seated heart knock at my ribs,
Against the use of nature? / Creative extension / ‘heart knock’ is a personification
metonymy (unfixed hair is meto. For fear)
hair? / TEMPTATION
DESIRING
HORROR
HEART
HEART
RIBS / AN ADVERSARY
SURRENDERING
PHYSICAL FORCE
SEATED
KNOCKS
DOORS / TEMPTATION IS AN ADVERSARY
DESIRINGIS SURRENDERING
HORROR IS A PHYSICAL FORCE
THE HEART IS A PERSON (SEATED)
THE HEART IS A PERSON(KNOCKS)
THE RIBS ARE DOORS
My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical,(150)
Shakes so my single state of man that function
Is smother'd in surmise, and nothing is
But what is not. / Be gone
fed on rump meat
fat woman
City in Syria and center of trade and Christianity in the Middle East during the middle ages
the husband's ship
basket
other winds
directions
compass card
eyelid
cursed
weeks
waste away
ship
ship helmsman's
fate-manipulating
travelers
said to be
anyhting
speak with
chapped, dry
in the immediate future
imaginary
title
possessions
mesmerized
fortunate
beget
unclear
Macbeth's father's
information
blighted; cursed
physical
causing insanity
considers
accomplishments
Duncan's amazement
methods
messenger
pledge
title
allied
assist
advantage
worked toward Scotland's ruin
yet to come
entirely
1. to set on fire 2. to incite; to rouse into action
betray us
predictions
rising action
temptation
showing deep sincerity or seriousness
make my hair stand up
custom
in which
self
every task
speculation
‘function is smothered)[17]’ is a personification / THOUGHT
ACTION
UNCERTAINTY
UNCERTAINTY
THINGS / PHYSICAL FORCE
SMOTHERED
EXTINGUISHER
WHAT THEY ARE NOT / THOUGHT IS A PHYSICAL FORCE
ACTION IS A PERSON
UNCERTAINTY IS THE EXTINGUISHER
THINGS ARE WHAT THEY ARE NOT
Look, how our partner's rapt. / ASTONISHMENT / PHYSICAL INACTIVITY / ASTONISHMENT IS PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
If chance will have me king, why, chance (155)
may crown me
Without my stir. / ‘chance may crown me’ is a personification / CHANCE / CROWNS / CHANCE IS AN AUTHORITY THAT CROWNS (person)
New honors come upon him,
Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mould
But with the aid of use.(160) / Clothing as power / Creative metaphor
‘new honours came upon him’ is a personification
‘like our strange garments’ is a simile / HONOURS
POWERASSUMING POWER / COME
GARMENT
WEARING CLOTHES / HONOURS ARE PERSONS(COME UPON SOMEONE)
POWER IS GARMENT
ASSUMING POWER IS WEARING CLOTHES
Come what come may,
Time and the hour runs through the roughest day. / Biblical image / Creative extension
personification / EVENTS
TIME
DAYS
DIFFICULTIES / COME
RUNS
OBJECTS
ROUGH SURFACES / EVENTS ARE PERSONS
TIME IS A RIVER
DAYS ARE OBJECTS
DIFFICULT ARE ROUGH SURFACES
Give me your favor pardon; my dull brain was wrought
With things forgotten. / Colour as an intellectual value / Creative extension[18] / PERMISSION
INTELLIGENCE
BRAIN
THINKING / IS GIVEN
COLOUR-GRADE
METAL
PHYSICAL FORCE / PERMISSION IS AN OBJECT
INTELLIGENCE IS A COLOUR-GRADE
THE BRAIN IS A METAL
THINKING IS A PHYSICAL FORCE
your pains(165)
Are register'd where every day I turn
The leaf to read them. / Creative extension / Creative extension / MEMORY
REMEMBERING / REGISTER