2. She Gave Him Her Card

TOPIC 1:

Examples:

1.She went to Los Angeles.

subject pronoun

2. She gave him her card.

object pronoun

3. That essay is mine her card.

possessive pronoun

4. Little babby has learned to eat by himself.

reflexive pronoun

TOPIC 2:

A. Form

1. Adverbs

a. Most adverbs end in –ly.

adjectiveadverb

bravebravely

loudloudly

quickquickly

dangerousdangerously

badbadly

b. Some adverbs are irregular.

adjectiveadverb

goodwell

fastfast

hardhard

2. Adjectives

a. We put adjectives in front of the noun.

adjectivenoun

anewcar

twogreenapples

blueeyes

b. Adjectives do not change.

adjectivenoun

abighouse

twobighouses

c. We use an in front of an adjective that begins with a vowel.

an old man

an easy exam

B. Use

1. Adverbs describe verbs.

You can do this exercise easily. (Easily describes do.)

2. Adjectives describe nouns.

This is an easyexercise. (Easy describes exercise.)

TOPIC 3:

A. Form

 Spelling

1. Basic rule: We add –ing to the infinitive.

washwashing

readreading

hurryhurrying

2. Exception: for verbs that end in –e, we remove the -e and add –ing.

drivedriving

useusing

For verbs with a short vowel and only one consonant, we double the consonant and add –ing.

swimswimming

sitsitting

B. Use

1. We use gerunds as subjects or objects.

Skiing can be dangerous.

I like travelling by plane.

2. Certain verbal expressions take a gerund.

Would you mind going to the bank for me?

I don’t mind doing that.

Do you fancy watching a video?

TOPIC 4:

A. in is used withyearsin 1994

centuriesin the nienteenth century

parts of the dayin the morning

decadesin the 1960s

seasonsin summer

monthsin November

B. on is used withdateson 19 July

days of the weekon Monday

on Sunday morning

‘special’dayson my birthday

on Christmas Day

C. at is used withtimesat 7.00

at midnight

holidaysat Christmas

at Easter

at the weekend

D. no preposition is used withexpressions with ago

tonight, this morning

this afternoon, etc.

tomorrow, tomorrow afternoon, etc.

yesterday, yesterday morning, etc.

expressions with last or next

TOPIC 5:

I. THE FUTURE WITH “WILL”

A. Form

1. Positive and negative

I
He
She
It
We
You
They / ‘ll
(will)

won’t
(will not) / see you tomorrow.
get the job.

2. Questions Short answers

Will
Will / you
he / be at the meeting? Yes, I will.
lend you his car? No, he won’t.

B. Use

1. We use the future with will to make predictions or general statements about the future.

We’ll need some more money soon.

In the year 2050 the world’s population will reach 10 billion.

2. We use the future with will to describe a decision made at the moment of speaking often or to make an offer.

‘Have you got that report?’ ‘Yes, I’ll fax you a copy.’

‘I can’t hear the TV very well.’ ‘I’ll turn it up.’

II. THE FUTURE WITH “GOING TO”

A. Form

1. Positive and negative

I / ‘m
(am) / going to / do the shopping.
have a shower.
clean the windows.
‘m not
(am not)
He
She
It / ‘s
(is)
Isn’t
‘s not
(is not)
We
You
They / ‘re
(are)
aren’t
‘re not
(are not)

2. Questions Short answers

Are you / going to / play football? Yes, I am.
Is he / going to / buy the wine? No, he isn’t

B. Use

1. We use going to to describe plans, intentions, and things we have decided to do.

I’m going to look for a new job.

I’m going to sell my car.

2. We use going to to describe things we can see or feel will definitely happen in the future.

She’s going to have a baby.

3-0 up with five minutes to play, Manchester City are going to win.

III. THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

A. Form

1. Positive and negative

I
We
You
They / live / in Manchester.
don’t live
(do not live)
He
She
It / plays / tennis.
doesn’t play
(does not play)

a.In the third person singular we add –s to the infinitive.

b.When the verb ends in –ss, -sh, -ch, -z or –o, we add –es.

kisskisses

wishwishes

watchwatches

buzzbuzzes

dodoes

c. When the verb ends in consonant + y, we change the –y to –ies worry worries

studystudies

2. Questions Short answers

Do / you / live in London? Yes, I do.
Does / he / play golf? No, he doesn’t.

B. Use

1. We use the present simple tense to describe states.

I live with my parents.

Water boils at 100 degrees.

2.We use the present simple tense to describe regular events.

I usually work late on Mondays.

They go on holidays to Ireland every year.

C. Pronunciation

1.After a vowel sound or a voiced consonant sound (/b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, //, /z/, /l/, /r/, /m/, /n/, //) we pronounce the final –s as /z/.

comes / kʌmz/goes /gәʊz/

2.After a voiceless consonant sound (/t/, /p/, /f/, and /k/) we pronounce the final –s as /s/.

cuts / kʌts/stops /stɒps/coughs /kʌfs/looks /lʊks/

3.When the verb ends in –ges, –ches, –sses, –ses, –zes or –shes, we pronounce the final syllable /iz/.

changes /ʧeinʤiz/pushes /pʊʃiz/

IV. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. Form

1. Positive and negative

I / ‘m
(am) / reading.
watching TV.
working at home.
.
‘m not
(am not)
He
She
It / ‘s
(is)
Isn’t
‘s not
(is not)
We
You
They / ‘re
(are)
aren’t
‘re not
(are not)

2. Questions Short answers

Am / I / meeting Mike at 12.00? Yes, you are.
Is / she / coming to the meeting? No, she isn’t
Are / they / driving or coming by train?

a.To make –ing forms we add –ing to the infinitive.

eateating

flyflying

b.For verbs that end in –e, we remove the –e and add –ing.

drivedriving

comecoming

c.When the verb ends consonant–vowel–consonant and the stress is on the final syllable, we

double the final consonant and add –ing.

runrunning

admitadmitting

B. Use

1. We use the present continuous tense tosay what is happening at the moment.

We’re having dinner just now.

‘Where’s Sue?’ ‘She’s watching TV.’

2. We use the present continuous tense to describe a temporary state.

I can’t find a flat, so I’m living with my parents.

I’m doing French evening classes this year.

3. We use the present continuous tense to describe a future arrangement.

I’m playing tennis tomorrow evening.

They’re arriving next Monday at 10.00.

C. Present simple and present continuous

1.Sometimes the use of the present simple or the present continuous depends on whether we see a situation as permanent or temporary.

I live in a flat in George Road. (I see the situation as permanent.)

I’m living with my parents until I find a place of my own. (I think the situation is temporary.)

Where do you work? (I think you have a permanent job.)

Where are you working? (I think you are doing something temporary.)

2.Some verbs are not normally used in the continuous form even when they refer to the present moment. They refer to states and not to actions. The most important ones are

a.like, love, prefer, hate, want, wish, need

I need a new pen. NOT I’m needing a new pen.

b.think, imagine, believe, know, realize, mean, understand, remember, forget, suppose, hope, see

I don’t understand. NOT I’m not understanding.

c.be, seem, appear, sound, taste, smell

Thistastes delicious. NOTThis is tasting delicious.

d.belong, contain, include, matter, owe, own

Whodoes the car belong to? NOT Who is the car belonging to?

3.Some of these verbs can be used in the continuous form when they describe actions and not states. Compare these sentences.

This ice cream tastes disgusting. (state)

He’s tasting the soup to see if it needs more salt. (action)

I think it’s important. (state)

‘What are you doing?’ ‘I’m thinking.’ (action)

V. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

A. Form

We make the present perfect tense with have/has and the past participle.

1. Positive and negative

I
We
You
They / ‘ve
(have) / lived abroad.
haven’t
(have not)
He
She
It / ‘s
(has) / cooked dinner.
hasn’t
(has not)

2. Questions Short answers

Have / you / been to Paris before? Yes, I have.
Has / she / broken her leg? No, she hasn’t

a.To make regular past participles, we add –ed to the infinitive.

playplayed

openopened

This is the same as the regular past tense.

b.A lot of common verbs have an irregular past participle.

gogone

writewritten

seeseen

B. Use

The present perfect links the past with the present.

PAST

PRESENT

1. We use the present perfect tense when we are interested in the present result of a past action.

She’s gone home.(She isn’t here now.)

I’ve bought a new car. (I’ve got a new car now.)

2. We use the present perfect tense when an activity or situation started in the past and still continues to the present.

He’s worked in the same office for twenty years.(He still works there now.)

I’ve lived here for three years. (I still live here now.)

NOW

I’ve lived here for three years.

PAST

three years ago

3. We use the present perfect tense when we are referring to a time frame that comes up to the present.

Have you ever been to Brazil? (In your life until now.)

I’ve been to Brazil three times. (Until now I’ve been there three times.)

Have you seen John today? (We are still in the time frame of ‘today’.)

VI. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. Form

1. Positive and negative

I
We
You
They / ‘ve
(have) / been / playing football.
having a rest.
waiting for an hour.
haven’t
(have not)
He
She
It / ‘s
(has)
hasn’t
(has not)

2. Questions Short answers

Has / he / been / reading? Yes, he has.
Have / you / been / waiting long? No, Ihaven’t

B. Use

1. We use the present perfect continuous tense to describe an activity that is still incomplete.

I’ve been writing a letter. (I haven’t finished it yet.)

How long have you been reading that book? (You haven’t finished it yet.)

2. We use the present perfect continuous tense to focus on the process of an activity.

‘What have you been doing?’ ‘I’ve been running.’

3. We use the present perfect continuous tense to emphasize the duration of an activity.

You’re late. I’ve been waiting for an hour.

C. Present perfect simple and present perfect continuous

1.The present perfect continuous and the present perfect simple can both be used to describe situations which started in the past and are still going on, or about past actions which have present results. The important difference is that the present perfect continuous focuses on the action itself, but the present perfect simple focuses on the completion or result of the action.

I’ve been playing a lot of football this week. (focus on activity)

I’ve played two matches. (focus on completion)

2.We always use the present perfect simple when we say how much or how many.

How many letters have you written this week?

How much rice have you cooked?

3.With the verbs live and work we can normally use either the present perfect simple or the present perfect continuous.

Have you lived here long?

Have you been living here long?

4.Sometimes the present perfect simple can describe a more permanent state and the present perfect continuous can describe a temporary activity.

I’ve lived here for ten years.(permanent)

I’ve been living with my sister for the last few months.(temporary)

VII. THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE

A. Form

1. The verb to be

a. Positive and negative

I
He
She
It / was / at home last week.
wasn’t
(was not)
We
You
They / were / here yesterday.
weren’t
(were not)

b. Questions Short answers

Was / he / at home / last week? Yes, hewas.
Were / they / here / yesterday? No, they weren’t.

2. Regular verbs

a. To make the past simple tense we add –ed to the infinitive. The past simple is the same for all persons.

verb past simple

watchWe watched a film last night.

happenIt happenedin Rome.

 When the verb ends in –e, we add –d.

useused

decidedecided

 When the verb ends consonant-vowel-consonant, and the stress is on the final syllable, we double the final consonant and add –ed.

stopstopped

preferpreferred

 But we do not double –y, or –w as final letters.

delaydelayed

showshowed

 When the verb ends in consonant + y, we change the –y to –ied.

hurryhurried

studystudied

b. Pronunciation

 After /p/, /k/, /ʃ/, /ʧ/, and /s/ we pronounce the final –d as /t/.

 When the verb ends in –t or –dwe pronounce the final syllable /id/.

 Otherwise we pronounce the final –d as /d/.

/d/ / /t/ / /id/
pulled
lived
seemed / watched
liked
missed / wanted
ended
decided

3. Irregular verbs

Many commons verbs have an irregular past form. The irregular form is the same for all persons.

a. Positive

verb past simple

seeI saw her yesterday.

buyThey bought a new car last week.

b. Negative

He / didn’t
(did not) / go to the theatre.

c. Questions Short answers

Did / you / see the film last night? Yes, I did.
Did / she / visit her parents? No, she didn’t.

Negatives, questions, and short answers are the same for all persons and for all verbs except the verb to be.

Note: In negatives and questions we use the infinitive of the verb.

Did you go out? NOT Did you went out?

Did they buy a car? NOT Did they bought a car?

B. Use

1. We use the past simple tense to describe a completed action in the past.

NOW

We went to the cinema yesterday.

PAST

2. We use the past simple tense to describe a completed situation in the past.

NOW

I worked in Edinburgh from 1989 to 1995.

PAST

1989 1995

3. We use the past simple tense to describe a repeated action in the past.

NOW

They went to Greece every year until 1995.

PAST

1988 1995

C. Past simple and present perfect

Compare the uses of the past simple and the present perfect.

1. We use the past simple when we are interested in the action or the time of the action, not the effect.

She’s gone home.(She isn’t here now.)

She wentat four o’clock.(We’re interested in when the action took place.)

2. We use the past simple when we are talking about a finished time in the past.

I’ve lived here for five years. (I still live here.)

Before that I livedin Madrid.(But I don’t live there now.)

NOW

Before that I livedin Madrid. I’ve lived here for five years.

PAST

3. We use the past simple when we are referring to a time frame that ended in the past.

‘Have you been out today?’

‘Yes, I went out this morning.’

VIII. THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

A. Form

1. Positive and negative

I
He
She
It / was / going to work.
wasn’t
(was not)
We
You
They / were / standing at the bus stop.
weren’t
(were not)

2. Questions Short answers

Was / he / having a bath? Yes, he was.
Were / they / driving to Scotland? No, they weren’t.

B. Use

The past continuous tense describes a continuous or unfinished activity in the past.

1. We use the past continuous tense to describe an action that started before a particular moment, and probably continued after it.

At 8.00 I was having breakfast.

This time last week I was lying on a beach in Greece.

NOW

I was lying on a beach in Greece.

PAST

This time last week

2. We use the past continuous tense to describe a temporary situation in the past.

I was living in Bristol last year.

C. Past continuous and past simple

We often use the past continuous tense with the past simple tense. The past continuous describes the situation – it is background information. The past simple describes the main event. The clauses are usually joined by while, as, or when.

While I was waiting for the bus, it started to rain.

As I was going to bed, the doorbell rang.

NOW

We were driving to the station

PAST

when the accident happened.

IX. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

A. Form

We make the past perfect tense with had/hadn’t and the past participle.

1. Positive and negative

I
He
She
It
We
You
They / ‘d
(had)

hadn’t
(had not) / been there for 2 hours.
finished the project.

2. Questions Short answers

Had
Had / you
he / seen him before? Yes, I had.
Eaten breakfast? No, he hadn’t.

B. Use

1. We use the past perfect tense to look back on an event that occurred before another event in the past.

We had dinner. We weren’t hungry.

We weren’t hungry because we’d had dinner.

NOW

dinner not hungry

PAST 1 2

We weren’t hungry because we’d had dinner.

2.The past perfect is often used with when, after, before, as soon as.

I was sure I’d seen him before.

After we’d finished dinner, we went for a walk.

The past perfect is necessary when we need to make it clear that one thing happened before another. Compare these sentences.

Sheila got up, got dressed, had some breakfast, and went out.

When Sheila got to the party, Amanda had gone home.

In the first sentence we do not use the past perfect, because the order of events is clear. In the second sentence we need to use the past perfect to make it clear that Amanda went home before Sheila got to the party.

X. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

never hardly ever sometimes often normally always

frequently usually

A. We put the adverb of frequency

 after the verb to be.

The train is always on time.

He’s never here at 9.00.

 in front of the main verb.

We often go to the park.

I don’t usually get up late.

B. Sometimes, normally, and usually can also go at the beginning or end of the sentence, but they usually

go before the main verb