1984 EUROPEAN HISTORYSECTION I, 100 Questions, Expected Time: 75 Minutes

KEY

1984 EUROPEAN HISTORYSECTION I, 100 Questions, expected time: 75 minutes

Directions:Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then blacken the corresponding space on the answer sheet.

1. Which of the following most accurately states Martin Luther’s basic religious belief as a leader of the Protestant Reformation?

(A) Monasticism is the highest calling.

(B) Personal works matter more than beliefs.

(C) Faith is the key to salvation.

(D) Christians are hot subject to secular authority.

(E) Christians should show tolerance toward other faiths.

FRENCH UNITE TO PROTECT REVOLUTION

SERBIA GALVANIZES SLAVS

GERMAN UNIFICATION COMPLETED

2. The newspaper headlines above reflect attitudes associated with

(A) nihilism

(B) militarism

(D) liberalism

(E) nationalism

3. During the Renaissance, humanism contributed LEAST to which of the following?

(A) Popularization of medieval legends

(B) Renewed interest in original Greek and Roman manuscripts

(D) Promotion of liberal arts education

(E) Refinements in social manners and personal habits

4. Which of the following statements about Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) is true?

(A) He was a staunch advocate of violent revolution.

(B) He was the greatest scientist of his age.

(D) He was the best known skeptic of his time.

(E) He was the leading military strategist of his era.

5. “A prince should have only one end and one idea in mind, take only one subject for study, and it is war, its science and discipline; for it is the only science that deals with the ruler’s problems. . . . [Success in war] not only maintains those born to princedoms but often causes men of private origin to rise to that rank. .. . The first cause of losing power is the neglect of this art; the cause of winning power lies in its mastery.”

In writing the passage above, Machiavelli drew on his observations of

(A) feudal warfare in medieval Europe

(B) warfare among the Italian city-states

(D) warfare among the European colonial powers

(E) warfare during the Crusades

6. A sixteenth-century traveler would have been most likely to encounter this type of architecture in which of the following European countries?

(A) Spain

(B) France

(D) England

(E) Sweden

7.Which of the following resulted from the English Reformation?

(A)Immediate wholesale persecution of Catholics in England

(B)Establishment of the English monarch as head of the Church of England

(C)The pope’s naming of Henry VIII as “Defender of the Faith”

(D)Papal recognition of the English church as independent, but still affiliated withRome

(E)A revolt by members of the English aristocracy opposed to the Reformation

8. The painting shown above, “Judith and Holofernes” by Artemisia Gentileschi, isdistinguished by its dramatic treatment of the subject, an oversized canvas, and intensified use of light and shadow. The art movement it represents is which of the following?

(A) Baroque

(B) Realism

(D) Surrealism

(E) Neoclassicism

9. Of the following, the major political opponent of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was

(A)Pope Clement VII

(B)Henry VIII of England

(C)Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

(D)Francis I of France

(E)Philip II of Spain

10. The leaders of the Protestant Reformation have been divided by some contemporary Reformation historians into a “right wing” and a “left wing.” Of the following, who is theonly one who may be said to have belonged to the left?

(A) Martin Luther

(B) John Knox

(D) Thomas Münzer

(E) John Calvin

And New Philosophy calls all in doubt,

The element of Fire is quite put out;

The Sun is lost, and th’ Earth, and no man’s wit

Can well direct him where to look for it.

11. These verses by John Donne (1573-1631) refer to the scientific work of

(A) Harvey

(B) Leeuwenhoek

(D) Paracelsus

(E) Ptolemy

12.In the period from Columbus’s discovery of the Americas to the American Revolution all of the following goods were imported from the New World to Europe in large quantities EXCEPT

(A) sugar

(B) gold

(D) furs

(E) tobacco

13.“All I can do is beg our virtuous ladies to raise their minds somewhat above their distaff and spindles and try to prove to the world that if we were not made to command, still we should not be disdained as companions in domestic and public matters by those who govern and command obedience.”

In the excerpt above from a letter written in 1555 by the French poet Louise Labê, the author does which of the following?

(A) Rejects domestic roles for women.

(B) Champions women’s intellectual abilities.

(D) Encourages women to seek public office.

(E) Asserts the social superiority of women.

Questions 14-15 refer to the following statement:

Self-interest drives people to action and the Invisible Hand of competition acts as an automatic regulator so that the market will generate wealth for the nation.

14. The author of this passage would have agreed with which of the following statements?

(A) Government regulation of the market helps to promote a healthy economy.

(B) People will produce according to their abilities and be compensated according to their needs.

(D) Government must not interfere with the market mechanism if it is to perform properly.

(E) Wealth will be divided equally by the market mechanism.

15. The ideas expressed in the passage are fundamental to the economic theories of

(A) socialism

(B) capitalism

(D) communism

(E) fascism

16. In French political history the years 1814, 1830, and 1848 are known, respectively, for the

(A) execution of Louis XVI, the restoration of the Bourbons, and the establishment of

the Paris Commune

(B) restoration of the Bourbons, the election of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte as president and the establishment of the Paris Commune

(D) restoration of the Bourbons, the July Revolution of Louis Philippe, and the

founding of the Second Republic

(E) restoration of the Bourbons, the July Revolution of Louis Philippe, and the coronation of Napoleon Ill as French emperor

17. The nation had been tottering on the verge of military insurrection since it became a republic in 1931, because the Republicans included not only moderate middle-class liberals but a wide array of extremists. ... A revolt by the army led to civil war, in which each sidereceived aid from outside nations, which served to transform the local conflict into an international ideological war.

The nation described above was

(A) Spain

(B) Italy

(D) Yugoslavia

(E) Algeria

18. Eighteenth-century popularizers of the seventeenth-century scientific revolution would have most likely agreed with which of the following statements?

(A) God intervenes actively in the universe’s operation.

(B) Understanding the natural order is beyond human comprehension.

(D) Underlying natural laws govern society.

(E) Respect for tradition ensures human progress.

19. The Council of Trent (1545-1563) was the major body through which

(A) Spain strengthened its position against the Turks

(B) the house of Hapsburg gained control over Italy

(C) the Roman Catholic church reformed itself

(D) European states entered into economic cooperation

(E) Puritans and Catholics were reconciled

20.Which of the following is NOT true of the Edict of Nantes (1598)?

(A)It was issued by Henry IV of France.

(B)It allowed the practice of Protestantism in France.

(C)It was responsible for the St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre.

(D)It was revoked by Louis XIV.

(E)It was accepted by the French Huguenots.

21.The Dutch Republic rose to prominence in seventeenth-century Europe because of whichof the following factors?

(A) Its agricultural innovations

(B) Its military strength

(D) Its religious unity

(E) Its shipping and commerce

22. Which of the following was most typical of pre-industrial European village society?

(A) Single-crop agricultural production

(B) Domestic manufacture of most household goods

(D) Low infant-mortality rates

(E) Long life expectancy

23. According to the theory of mercantilism, colonies should be

(A) granted independence as soon as possible

(B) acquired as markets and sources of raw materials

(D) used as settlement areas for surplus population

(E) encouraged to develop their own industries

24. The revolt against France’s increasingly centralized monarchy in 1648-1652 is generally known as

(A) the Mazarinade

(B) Colbertism

(D) the seige of La Rochelle

(E) the Pazzi Conspiracy

25. Poland’s decline as a major political entity during the seventeenth century can be attributed largely to

(A)the failure of the papacy to recognize the legitimacy of the Polish kings

(B) a population decline resulting from the Thirty Years’ War

(C)the conquest of the kingdom by the Ottoman Turks

(D)failure of the universities to create a literate aristocracy

(E)the absence of a powerful central authority

26. Which of the following is true about the rulers of both Austria and Prussiaduring the 17thcentury?

(A)They patterned their society after that of the Ottoman Empire.

(B)They succeeded in avoiding war for most of the century.

(C)They created centralized, unified nation-states.

(D)They abolished serfdom.

(E)They maintained permanent standing armies.

27.The concept of the European balance of power, as it emerged by the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries, had which of the following as its most fundamental aim?

(A) The elimination of war as an instrument of international relations

(B) The prevention of the preponderance of one power in Europe

(D) Isolation of conflict to certain contested land areas

(E) The division of Europe into two groups of states, both approximately equal inpotential military power

28.Surgeon barbers of the preindustrial period are generally associated with which of the following treatments for illness and disease?

(A) Herbal medicines

(B) Exorcism

(D) Quarantine

(E) Bloodletting

29. Of the following, which setting provided unmarried women in preindustrial Europe with the greatest opportunity to exercise their literary, artistic, and administrative talents?

(A) Government councils

(B) Convents

(D) Universities

(E) Banking houses

30.Which of the following was a persistent cause of agitation and protests by the Parisian lower classes in the eighteenth century?

(A) Efforts to reimpose the guild system

(B) Bourgeois demands for a greater voice in government

(D) Frustration of artisans’ attempts to organize into unions

(E) Substantial increases in the cost of bread

31.Which of the following had the largest population in 1763?

(A) France

(B) Sweden

(E) Spain

32. “Sincerely influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment, this monarch abolished capital punishment, established equality before the law, freed the serfs, created a system of primary education, established religious toleration, and tightened the control of the state over the established church.”

The enlightened despot described above was

(A) Catherine the Great of Russia

(B) Joseph II of Austria

(D) Frederick the Great of Prussia

(E) Charles III of Spain

33.The primary goal of France in entering the Thirty Years’ War was to

(A) defend Catholicism against German Protestants

(B) reduce the power of the Hapsburgs

(D) conquer Brandenburg-Prussia

(E) place a Bourbon on the Spanish throne

34. Disturbances in Belgium, France, Germany, and Italy between 1830 and 1832 can best be explained as manifestations of

(A) religious revivalism in the face of materialism and secularism

(B) a communist offensive against the capitalists

(D) student campaigns for access to higher education and the professions

(E) liberal and nationalist dissatisfaction with the Restoration political order

35. Which of the following is true of Frederick William I, king of Prussia from 1713-1740?

(A) He lived lavishly off the taxes that his bureaucracy collected.

(B) He built a first-rate army and infused Prussian society with military values.

(D) He recruited tall soldiers from all of Europe to fight in his frequent wars.

(E) He encouraged the development of local self-government.

36. Which of the following is true of the Romantic movement in early nineteenth-century Europe?

(A) It opposed emotional exuberance and excess

(B)It shunned the study and writing of history

(C)It was, in part, a reaction to the classicism of an earlier period

(D)Among the arts, its influence was felt almost exclusively in music

(E)It emphasized adherence to universally accepted standards in the arts

37. Which of the following facilitated the counter-revolutionary triumph within the Hapsburg Empire in 1849?

(A) The adoption of a new constitution that provided for regional autonomy

(B) The loyalty of the Slavs and the Germans to the monarchy

(D) The military intervention by the Ottoman Empire

(E) The lack of cooperation among nationalities in the Hapsburg Empire

“As historians from Karl Marx through Georges Lefebvre and Albert Soboul have argued, the main accomplishment of the French Revolution was to abolish feudalism in France and to clear the ground for capitalist economic expansion and the rule of the bourgeoisie.”

Which of the following views is consistent with the interpretation above?

(A) The Revolution strengthened the domination of landed proprietors in France

(B) The Revolution eliminated guilds, seigneurial rights, and other obstacles to French agricultural and industrial advance

(D) The Revolution abolished private property in France and thus created a modern democratic society

(E) Both before and after the Revolution, France was ruled by leaders drawn from the ranks of the nobility and bourgeoisie

39. A major revolutionary ideal spread throughout Europe by the French armies during the Revolutionary and the Napoleonic periods was that

(A)careers should be open to talented individuals from all classes

(B)workers have the right to form labor unions and bargain collectively

(D) private property should be abolished

(E) the aged and the infirm should have the right to public support

40. During 1793-1794, Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety owed much of their influence to the support of

(A) Catholics angered by the Civil Constitution of the Clergy

(B) liberal nobles eager to promote economic progress

about highfood prices

(D) industrial workers in Paris and Lyon who were angry about conditions in the newly opened cotton mills

(E) provincial middle-class businessmen concerned about excessive centralization of government

41. The Peace of Utrecht (1713-1714) altered the balance of power in Europe by

(A) checking French expansion

(B) decreasing Austrian territorial holdings

(D) granting sovereignty over Belgium to the Netherlands

(E) granting independence to Spain’s New World colonies

42.The indentations at points X and Y on both sides of the graph above are best explained as the result of the

(A) drought and poor crop yields during the First and Second World Wars

(B) low number of births during the First and Second World Wars

(D) deportation of French citizens by Germany during the First and Second World Wars

(E) military losses suffered by France in the Indochinese and Algerian wars

43. All of the following were aspects of life in the largest cities of Western Europe during the latter half of the nineteenth century EXCEPT

(A) increasing availability of what had been luxury foodstuffs—sugar, tea, and

meat—to the lower middle classes

(B) sensationalist tabloid newspapers covering both national and international news

(D) declining standards of public health and life expectancy

(E) increasing nationalism among the urban populations

44. Prince Klemens von Metternich used the Germanic Confederation to

(A) oppose liberalism and nationalism in Central Europe

(B) encourage the penetration of France into the German states

(D) aid the spread of radicalism in the German states

(E) make Prussia the dominant power among the German states

45. Elizabeth I of England and her contemporary, Henry IV of France. have been called politiquesbecause they believed that

(A) doctrinal unity was necessary to political unity

(B) religious questions were as important as political questions

(D) political leaders should not be involved in religious questions

(E) theological controversy should be subordinate to political unity

POPULATION GROWTH IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Population Size (millions) Average Growth Rates per Annum

1800 1850 1900 1800-1850 1850-1900

France 28 36 41 0.47% 0.25%
Great Britain 11 21 37 1.30% 1.14%

46. The difference between French and British population growth was primarily caused by the

(A) earlier adoption of birth control in Great Britain

(B) earlier adoption of birth control in France

(D) higher reproduction rate in France

(E) greater loss of population in Great Britain due to wars

47. Which of the following best characterizes the social structure of the German Empire in1871?

(A) A conservative compromise between the old aristocracy and the new middle class

(B) The triumph of the middle class

(D) An amicable compromise between the middle class and the industrial proletariat

(E) The triumph of the industrial east over the agrarian west

48. Which of the following describes the Carbonari?

(A) Members of a union of coal miners

(B) Members of a secret revolutionary society