BI 200 - Exam #1Name
Fall 2001Lab Section. Seat#
Disclaimer
Consider each question, and answer each in the appropriate format (e.g., multiple choice). You may qualify your answer if you have reservations. If your comments have merit, you may receive partial or full credit.
1. Which of the following microbes would have a nucleus
a. Fungi
b. Bacteria
c. Archaea
d. Viruses
2. Disease causing prokaryotes are found exclusively among the
a. Archaea
b. Bacteria
c. Fungi
d. Viruses
e. Protozoa
3. Which of the following are prokaryotes?
a. Cyanobacteria
b. bacteriophage
c. Amoeba
d. Yeast - Saccharomyces
4. Viruses do not show which of the following hallmarks of living things
a. motility
b. differentiation over a life cycle
c. metabolism
d. reproduction
5. Pasteur
a. discovered penicillin
b. developed aseptic technique
c. developed pure culture technique
d. studied hot springs bacteria
e. all of the above
6. This Dutch Microbiologist developed the enrichment technique for selecting specific microorganisms from a natural environment is
a. Carl Woese
b. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
c. Craig Ventner
d. Martinus Beijerinck
7. Which of the following amino acids, based on its “R” group would, be nonpolar?
a. Glutamate, - CH2CH2COOH
b. Serine, - CH2OH
c. Leucine, - CH2CH(CH3)
d. Cysteine, - CH2SH
8. Which of the following amino acids, based on its “R” group would, is involved in covalent bonds that lead to tertiary protein structure?
a. Glutamate, - CH2CH2COOH
b. Serine, - CH2OH
c. Leucine, - CH2CH(CH3)
d. Cysteine, - CH2SH
9. The protein monomer is the
a. amino acid
b. glycerol molecule
c. peptidoglycan
d. volatile fatty acid
e. glucose
10. As monomeric units of glucose are joined by an 1-4 linkage, the resultant product might be ______or ______; while if these glucose units are joined by a 1-4 linkage, the product will be ______.
a. cellulose/starch/glycogen
b. glycogen/cellulose/starch
c. starch/glycogen/cellulose
d. a or b, depending on the length of the polysaccharide.
11. These proteins assist in super coiling of eukaryotic chromosome
a. amino acids containing phosphorous
b. two or more peptide chains
c. histones
d. ribosomes
e. an envelope
12. The cell wall is the
a. permeability barrier of the cell
b. primary support structure of the cell
c. source of nutrient production
d. structure which identifies a cell as eukaryotic or prokaryotic
e. on the outside of the dipicolinic acid
13. The nucleoid is found only in
a. Fungi
b. Bacteria
c. Fungi
d. Viruses
e. Protozoa
14. DNA polymerase is responsible for:
a. translation
b. DNA replication
c. transcription
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
15. You observe a specimen under your microscope that is 0.4 mm in length, has mouth parts, legs, and wings. It is an example of a(n)
a. bacterium
b. protozoan
c. fungus
d. archaean
e. metazoan
16. The E. coli chromosome contains enough DNA for about ______genes.
a. 40
b. 400
c. 4,000
d. 400,000
17. Pasteur
a. proved spontaneous generation with the swan-neck flask experiment
b. formulated the germ theory of disease
c. invented pure culture technique with solid agar
d. developed aseptic technique
18. Gram positive bacteria
a. have a thick cell wall that is exposed to the environment.
b. have a thick cell wall that is covered by the outer membrane
c. have cell walls that contain the pyrogen lipopolysaccharide
d. have cell walls that are flexible but excellent chemical barriers
19. Which is not true about the peptide interbridges peptidoglycan?
a. formation is prevented by penicillin
b. Gram positives like Staphylococcus aureus contain pentaglycine interbridges
c. meso-diaminopimelic acid is present
d. rare D-amino acids are present
e. none of the above, all are true.
20. Which of the following is not part of Lipopolysaccharide?
a. N-acetyltalosaminouronic acid
b. O-specific polysaccharide
c. Lipid A
d. Core polysaccharide
21. Translation is carried out by ______and occurs at the ______in eukaryotic cells.
a. RNA polymerase; endoplasmic reticulum
b. Ribosome; endoplasmic reticulum
c. Ribosome; nucleus
d. none of the above, eukaryotes do not have a nucleus or endoplasmic reticulum
22. Which base pairings are correct, and the number of hydrogen bonds correct?
a. C+T, 3
b. C+G, 2
c. C+G, 3
d. C+A, 3
23. In a piece of double stranded DNA 15% of the nucleotides are adenosine. Which of the following is not true for the piece of DNA?
a. There is 0% uracil
b. There is 35% guanine.
c. There is 15% cytosine.
d. There is 15% thymine.
25. Maltose enters the cell with the help of three proteins: a periplasmic binding protein, a channel protein in the membrane, and an ATP kinase on the inside of the cell.
a. Passive diffusion
b. Primary active transport
c. Secondary active transport
d. Group translocation
e. “ABC” transport
26. This type of transport system for some sugars in bacteria requires phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) as the energy source.
a. Osmosis
b. Diffusion
c. Facilitated diffusion
d. Active transport
e. Group translocation
27. Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from high concentration to low concentration.
a. Osmosis
b. Diffusion
c. Facilitated diffusion
d. Active transport
e. Group translocation
28. Oxygen gas enters cells when the external concentration is higher the internal concentration. The rate is dependent only the difference in concentration. Saturation kinetics are not observed.
a. Osmosis
b. Diffusion
c. Facilitated diffusion
d. Active transport
e. Group translocation
29. Lactose enters the cell at the same time as a proton.
a. primary active transport
b. secondary active transport - uniporter
c. secondary active transport - symporter
d. secondary active transport – antiporter
Answer the following questions based on the articles “Earth’s dominant life form…” and “Clues to fiery origin of life…”
30. Which of these benefits do the microorganisms living in and on us provide?
a. They provide additional income
b. They keep disease-causing microbes out of the body
c. They help feed their hosts by providing vitamins and breaking down food
d. None, they all lead to problems eventually
e. (b) and (c)
31. A baby is born germ-free. After colonization, how many species bacteria might be found in its colon and on its skin?
a. 40
b. 400
c. 4,000
d. 400,000
32. Which of the following is a microbiologist from the University of Illinois who is an expert on human-microbial interaction?
a. Dr. Jeffrey Gordon
b. Dr. Abigail Salyers
c. Dr. Guy Weinberg
d. Dr. Floyd Dewhhirst.
33. Three areas of the body that are highly colonized and discussed in the paper DO NOT include
a. Vagina
b. Mouth and teeth
c. Scalp
d. Gut – small intestine and colon
34. Which of the following statements best describes the occurrence of thermophilic organisms among the three lines of descent?
a. Thermophilic organisms appear only in the bacteria
b. Thermophilic organism are equally distributed among the archaea, bacteria, and eukarya
c. Thermophilic organism occur among the archaea, bacteria, and eukarya, with archaea including the most extreme examples
d. Microbes can’t grow at temperatures much higher than 98 oF
35. The upper temperature limit on growth of microorganisms discovered so far seems to be
a. 98 oFb. 165 oCc. 212 oCd. 235 oC
36. Study of thermophilic bacteria from hot springs and other places around the world has led to
a. the idea that life was possible in the early history of the Earth when temperatures were much higher.
b. the discovery of a third form of life – archaea
c. the complete sequencing of DNA from thermophiles and other organisms
d. the use of heat-stable enzymes in biotechnology
e. All of the above
37. Which of the following is a microbiologist from the University of Illinois who is credited with discovering the archaea?
a. Dr. Thomas D. Brock
b. Dr. William Schopf
c. Dr. Carl R. Woese
d. Dr. Norman Pace.
Short Answer – 1 point each response
38. Who discovered lysozyme and penicillin?
39. Give the name of the cell wall material in fungi, the name of the monomer it is composed of, and the designation of the bonding arrangement.
40. In archaea the hydrophobic portion of the lipids are branched molecules called
(sterols, phytanyls), which are made of (sterol, isoprene) subunits.
41. Eukaryotic cells have (linear, circular) chromosomes that are composed of (single-
stranded, double-stranded) DNA.
42. (Fatty acids, phytanyls) are (ether, ester) linked in bacteria and eukaryotes, but (fatty
acids, phytanyls) are (ether, ester) linked in archaea.
43. Give the time of these events relative to today, bya, based on the fossil record.
______Oldest microbial fossil
______1% oxygen in atmosphere
______Oldest metazoan
44. Which of these is made of protein? Yes or No
______Flagella______Sulfur granules______S-layer
45. Name two compounds associated with bacterial endospores
46. What is the most important advantage to having a capsule?
Problems
(3 points) The wavelength of green light is 500 nm. The thickness of a human hair is 0.25 mm. A bacterial is 4 cm in diameter. Convert all these measures to micrometers, m. YOU MAY NOT USE A CALCULATOR.
(2 points) Draw the structure of water and indicate the + and - regions.
(6 points) Consider the structure of Lactic acid. Put a box around the carboxyl group. Put an asterisk by the hydrogen that dissociates at low frequency. As drawn, is it ionic or neutral? Is it polar or non-polar? Is it hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Indicate an area that would be slightly negative (-).
(4 points) Describe the distribution of important macromolecules by completing the following table. Put a response for each question mark (?). The correct answers (in no particular order) are glycogen, cell wall, cytoplasm, flagellum, ribosmes, membranes, cell wall, and nucleoid
Macromolecule / Cell Locations / Storage PolymersProteins / ?
?
? / None
Nucleic acid / ?
? / None
Polysaccharides / ? / ?
Lipids / ? / PHB
(4 points) Draw the dehydration reaction between two amino acids leading to the formation of the peptide bond. Indicate the variable functional groups on each amino acid as R1 and R2.
(4 points) Draw the arrangement of the gram negative cell envelope. Include the following things: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoprotein, peptidoglycan, porins, inner and outer membranes, periplasm, and cytoplasm.
(4 points) Fill in the table. Compare and contrast flagella in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Property / Prokaryotes / EukaryotesWhat is the name of the protein(s) they are composed of?
How thick is each flagellum in m?
What is the form of energy used, ATP or Proton Gradient?
How do the flagella move? What man-made structures do they resemble?
(5 points) Describe the first stage of chemical evolution. What were the small molecules that came together to form organic compounds that are the monomers for biological polymers? Name the monomers (but not the polymers) formed. What were the energy sources for the process. Describe how this theory has been tested.
(4 points) Describe how Pasteur’s experiment with the swan-neck flask experiment refutes spontaneous generation. How did the experiment work? What were the two contending hypothesis for the origin of microorganisms? What outcomes would be consistent with both?
(5 points) Describe the second stage of chemical evolution. What were the monomers that came together to form biological polymers? Name the polymers formed. Describe how these reactions might have taken place. What kind of reaction is involved? Describe how this theory has been tested.
(4 points) What are the four steps or tests a microbe must pass in order for it to be shown to cause a disease? In other words, what are Koch’s postulates?
Complete the following table by filling in the empty boxes (8 points)
Property of Trait of the Microorganism / Bacteria / Algae / Archaea / VirusProkaryotic or Eukaryotic?
Size range in micrometers, m / 10-200 m
Typical shapes
(Drawing ok) / Spherical, Oval, Filamentous / Icosohedral
Helical
Cell wall material(s)
(Name only)
Names of two of the larger sub divisions or types / Bacteriophage
Animal Viruses
Complete the following table by filling in the empty boxes (8 points)
Property of Trait of the Microorganism / Bacteria / Fungi / Protozoa / VirusProkaryotic or Eukaryotic?
Size range in micrometers, m / 10-200 m
Typical shapes
(Drawing ok) / Oval, Irregular / Icosohedral
Helical
Cell wall material(s)
(Name only)
Names of two of the larger sub divisions or types / Bacteriophage
Animal Viruses