1. Most Aquatic Animals Excrete Ammonia, While Land Animals Excrete Urea Or Uric Acid

Unit #5 Test.

1. Most aquatic animals excrete ammonia, while land animals excrete urea or uric acid. What is the most likely explanation for this difference?

a. They have different diets.

b. Land animals can get the energy needed to make urea or uric acid.

c. Ammonia is very toxic, and it takes lots of water to dilute it.*

d. Land animals cannot afford the energy needed to make ammonia.

e. Fish need to get rid of ammonia, but land animals need it to live.

2. The functional units of kidneys are _____.

a. neurons

b. glomeruli

c. ureters

d. nephrons *

e. collecting ducts

3. The fluid that enters vertebrate nephrons is called the filtrate. Where does the filtrate come from?

a. blood capillaries

b. urine

c. lymphatic fluid

d. cells of the kidney

e. loop of Henle

4. Which is not an accurate pairing of a key excretory function with its definition?

a. Filtration happens when blood pressure forces water, nitrogenous waste, and valuable solutes from the blood into the nephron's proximal tubule.

b. Reabsorption is the reclamation process that returns valuable solutes and water to the capillaries from the nephron so they are not wasted in the urine.

c. Secretion transports certain toxins, drugs, and excessive ions from the capillaries to the filtrate.

d. Excretion moves urine, the processed filtrate, out of the kidney, through the ureter, the bladder, and finally out of the body via the urethra.

e. Reabsorption is the process where toxins, drugs, and excessive ions that remain in the blood after filtration are transported into the nephron for disposal in the urine. *

5. What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the body?

a. During times of increased solute concentrations, ADH causes nephrons to absorb water faster.

b. During times of higher solute concentrations, ADH causes more water to be released from the nephrons to be reabsorbed by the blood.*

c. Low levels or the absence of ADH in the blood are the brain's response to thirst.

d. ADH is the only hormone that provides a system of control over the kidney as an osmoregulator for urine production.

e. ADH controls the rate that filtrate moves from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule.

6. Neurosecretory cells can be found in the _____.

a. hypothalamus*

b. anterior pituitary

c. hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

d. anterior and posterior pituitary

e. adrenal glands

7. Since most chemical signals are unable to pass through the plasma membrane, the cellular action they initiate results from _____.

a. ligand binding

b. the activation of a signal transduction pathway*

c. direct stimulation of the cell's DNA

d. the enzymatic behavior of the signal molecule

e. binding to intracellular receptors

8. Which one of the following endocrine organs does not actually manufacture hormones but, rather, stores hormones produced elsewhere?

a. thyroid

b. adrenal cortex

c. adrenal medulla

d. anterior pituitary

e posterior pituitary*

9. What is the role of a second messenger in hormone action? 5

a. It signals a cell to secrete a hormone.

b. It informs a gland as to whether its hormones are having an effect.

c. It relays a hormone's message inside a target cell.*

d. It stops hormone action when it is no longer needed.

e. All of the above are true.

10. Which sequence below correctly describes the maintenance of glucose synthesis? 29

a. low blood sugar, pancreatic beta cells stimulated, insulin released, breakdown of glycogen in target cells

b. low blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, glucagon released, breakdown of glycogen in target cells*

c. high blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, insulin released, uptake of glucose by target cells

d. high blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, glucagon released, glycogen synthesis in liver

e. none of the above

11. Which of the following is not a description of reproduction involving parthenogenesis?

a. Certain members of the social organization of some insects are produced parthenogenetically.

b. Sometimes a parthenogenetically produced egg may double in chromosome number to produce a "zygote."

c. Males may or may not be present in the population.

d. Courtship is absent because only one sex is involved in reproduction.

e. Males and females each contribute half of the genetic material for the next generation.*

12. Into which structure is a human oocyte released upon ovulation?

a. uterus

b. oviduct

c. ovary

d. abdominal cavity*

e. cervix

13. From a single cell, oogenesis in a mammal will produce _____.

a. four ova (eggs)

b. four spermatozoa

c. an ovum and three polar bodies*

d. a primary oocyte

e. four polar bodies

14. Which of the comparisons of oogenesis and spermatogenesis is not accurate?

a. Follicle-stimulating hormone promotes both egg and sperm development.

b. Luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation in females and androgen production in males.

c. Releasing hormone triggers the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH in both males and females.

d. Primary oocytes and primary spermatocytes follow a similar pattern of development through meiosis. *

e. An ovum is not produced in the absence of sperm, but sperm are produced regardless of what the ova are doing.

15. In males, FSH _____.

a. is not produced; it is a female hormone

b. is directly responsible for facial hair growth beginning at puberty

c. is produced by the hypothalamus

d. stimulates development of sperm cells in the testes

e. stimulates the release of semen by the prostate gland during ejaculation*

16. As an animal develops, organs form and the body transforms into a shape typical of the species, in a process called _____.

a. morphogenesis*

b. preformation

c. cleavage

d. cell differentiation

e. gastrulation

17. After a sperm penetrates an egg, a fertilization envelope forms. This envelope _____.

a. secretes important hormones

b. enables the fertilized egg to implant itself in the wall of the uterus

c. prevents more than one sperm from entering the egg*

d. attracts additional sperm to the egg

e.is responsible for the fast block to polyspermy

18.What is the embryonic origin of the lining of the digestive tube?

a. endoderm*

b. ectoderm

c. mesoderm

d. both endoderm and mesoderm

e. all three germ layers

19. Up to the eight-cell stage, the blastomeres of a mouse embryo can each form a complete embryo if isolated. This indicates that _____.

a. differentiation does not depend on cytoplasmic determinants

b. the mouse embryo is strongly polarized

c. only the zygote is totipotent

d. cytoplasmic determinants are equally distributed during the early cleavage divisions*

e. mammalian embryos do not experience the progressive restriction of potency characteristic of other classes

20. Your muscle and bone cells are different because _____.

a. they contain different sets of genes

b.they are differentiated

c. they contain different operons

d. different genes are switched on and off in each type of cell*

e. they contain different histones

21. Specific cells that appear undifferentiated under the microscope but are already fated to become muscle cells are called _____.

a. meristematic cells

b. bicoids

c. myocytes

d. muscle cells

e. myoblasts*

22. During development, which of the following is the first thing that happens when an inducer acts on target cells?

a. A transcription factor acts on the DNA.

b. The inducer binds to the DNA.

c. A new protein is made in the target cell.

d. A specific gene is transcribed.

e. The inducer binds to a receptor.*

23. The development of plants is similar to the development of animals in that both depend on _____; it is different in that animals are more dependent on _____.

a. cell signaling ... cell movement*

b. transcriptional regulation ... cell signaling

c. cytoplasmic determinants ... induction

d. cell signaling ... transcriptional regulation

e. differing planes of cytokinesis ... homeotic genes