SUMMARY 概要
1. Malawi's economy has grown strongly in most years since its last trade policy review (TPR) in 2010. While annual GDP growth rates peaked at 9.5%, the period under review also included a marked slowdown of the economy in 2012. Total merchandise trade increased rapidly during the period under review, from 60% of GDP in 2010 to 102% in 2014. Malawi is a least developed country with a largely agricultural economy; as a result, its performance remains vulnerable to adverse weather conditions and terms of trade shocks.
自2010年最后一次贸易政策审议（TPR）以来，马拉维的经济在此后的大多数年份保持增长强劲。虽然年度GDP增长率达到了9.5%的峰值，经济于此贸易政策审议期间（2012年）却出现了明显放缓。总的商品贸易于此审议期间增长迅速，2010年为60%的GDP, 到2014年，这一比例增加到102%。作为最不发达的国家之一，马拉维的经济以农业为主；正是因此，其经济表现更容易受到复杂天气条件和贸易条件变化冲击的影响。
2. Despite some improvements in recent years, Malawi remains one of the world’s poorest countries in terms of most development indicators. Gross national income per capita is estimated at some US$250. Annual population growth is very high and has even been increasing over the last years. The labour market is largely informal. Malawi has traditionally been highly dependent on donor support. However, during the period under review it has had an on-off relationship with many of its donors.
尽管近年来有所改善，就大多数经济发展指标而言，马拉维仍是世界上最贫穷的国家之一。据估计，人均国民总收入为250美元左右。年人口增长率很高，且过去几年仍在增加。大部分劳动力市场还不正规。从过往来讲，马拉维一直以来都高度依赖于捐助国的支助。然而，在贸易政策审议期间，其与许多捐助国都处于分分合合的关系。
3. The cost of doing business in Malawi remains very high, due to significant challenges related to transport, communication, energy, and administrative barriers. This impacts on Malawi's competitiveness in international markets as well as its ability to attract meaningful foreign direct investment, in spite of an investment regime that is generally open. Malawi's fiscal situation has continued to face challenges during the review period. Public debt has strongly increased which partly reflects recourse to domestic financing in the wake of external financing shortfalls arising from the suspension of external budget support.
由于运输、通信、能源和行政壁垒相关的重大挑战，在马拉维经商的成本仍很高。尽管有着整体上开放的投资体制，这仍会影响到马拉维在国际市场上的竞争力及其吸引有意义的外商直接投资的能力。马拉维的财政状况于审议期间持续面临挑战。公共债务增幅明显，这部分反映了以下情况，即，在外部融资因外部预算支持中断而不足之后，马拉维不得不寻求国内融资。
4. The main objective of monetary policy is to achieve price stability. Until 2012, the Malawi kwacha was pegged to the US dollar, but strong overvaluation led to a parallel market with significant departures from the official exchange rate. This contributed to chronic shortage of foreign exchange and imported inputs, low international competitiveness, and a high cost of doing business. In May 2012, the Government adopted a floating exchange rate regime. This was accompanied by a strong devaluation of the kwacha, a recovery of foreign reserves, and a surge in inflation which peaked at over 28% in 2013. Since then, inflation rates have followed a slow downward trend, but surged again to attain 26% in December 2015.
货币政策的主要目的在于实现价格稳定。到2012年，马拉维克瓦扎与美元挂钩，但极大的高估使得二级市场严重偏离官方汇率。同时，这还导致以下不良影响，包括：长期短缺的外汇和进口投入、低国际竞争力和高经商成本。马拉维政府于2012年5月采用了浮动汇率制度。不过，一系列的负面影响却在随后的2013年就显现出来：克瓦扎严重贬值、外汇储备恢复原样及通胀（峰值超过28%）的增加。此后，通胀率呈现缓慢下降的趋势，2015年12月再次反弹到26%。
5. During the period under review, Malawi's current account deficit increased steadily, mostly because of a strong increase in merchandise imports, while export growth could not keep pace. The deficit has largely been financed by FDI inflows and current transfers. Transfers consist to a large extent of official development assistance flows, while remittances only play a limited role.
贸易政策审议期间，马拉维的经常项目逆差稳步增加——这主要源于商品进口的大幅增加，而出口增长的步伐却未能跟上。该逆差主要通过外商直接投资的现金流和现金转移的方式提供资金。转移很大程度上为官方发展援助现金流，现金转移所起的作用微乎其微。
6. Agricultural exports continue to dominate, but their share has been falling. Tobacco has remained by far the most important export commodity, although its share fell from 67% in 2008 to 47% in 2014. Other goods that have continued to be of relevance for export include tea, sugar, and uranium. Imports are largely dominated by manufactures. Malawi exports the bulk of its products to other African countries and the EU, while imports are mainly sourced from South Africa, Mozambique, India, the EU and China.
农产品出口持续占主导地位，但比重却不断下降。虽然出口份额从2008年的67%下跌到2014年的47%，烟草到目前为止仍是最重要的出口商品。而包括茶叶、糖和铀在内的其他一些商品则继续充当出口的主力军。进口很大程度上受制于生产商。马拉维生产的大部分产品出口到其他非洲国家和欧盟国家，而进口来源国主要包括南非、莫桑比克、印度、欧盟国家和中国。
7. The Malawi Growth and Development Strategy 2011-16 is the overarching medium-term development strategy. Its main objective is to continue reducing poverty through sustainable, private-sector driven economic growth and infrastructure development. The Government recognizes that its success will largely depend on sound macroeconomic management and a stable political environment in order to attract investment and finance the state budget.
马拉维2011-16年增长与发展战略为总体中期发展战略。该战略的主要目的在于继续通过可持续的、私营企业驱动的经济增长和发展基础设施来消除贫困。马拉维政府认识到，能否消除贫困很大程度上取决于良好的微观经济管理和稳定的政治环境，因为只有这样才可能吸引到投资，从而获得政府预算所需的资金。
8. During the period under review, Malawi launched several trade facilitation initiatives, including the opening of one-stop border posts, enhancement of the COMESA Simplified Trade Regime, the adoption of a national single window programme, and migration from its current Automated System for Customs Data (ASYCUDA++) to the web-based version ASYCUDA World. However, the submission of customs declarations in hard copy remains the norm. Malawi has not yet ratified the Agreement on Trade Facilitation and has not notified its Category A commitments to the WTO. According to the authorities, the relevant technical work has been completed and the ratification process is in its final stage.
贸易政策审议期间，马拉维推出了数项贸易促进计划，包括：开放“一站式”边检站、增强东南非共同市场简化制度和采纳国家单一窗口方案，以及将当前的海关数据自动化控制系统（ASYCUDA++）更换为网络版的ASYCUDA World系统。不过，提交一份报关单复印件的惯例仍未改变。马拉维还未批准《贸易便利化协定》，也未将其A类承诺向WTO通报。根据有关当局的说法，相关的技术工作已经完成，同时，批准程序也已进入最后阶段。
9. Malawi maintains preferences under bilateral trade agreements with Mozambique, the Republic of South Africa, and Zimbabwe, as well as a customs agreement with Botswana that dates from the colonial period; bilateral preferences have largely been matched by those granted in the context of COMESA and SADC. Whenever there is an overlap in terms of trading partners and tariff concessions, importers may choose which certificate of origin to obtain, depending on the terms they identify as more advantageous. Malawi also maintains rules of origin for non-preferential purposes, although its notification to the WTO indicates otherwise.
马拉维与莫桑比克、南非和津巴布韦维持着双边贸易协定下的优待，并且从殖民时期就与博茨瓦纳达成了关税协定；双边优待很大程度上与COMESA和SADC项下所授予的待遇相匹配。任何时候贸易伙伴和关税减让方面存在重叠之处，进口商可根据其确定的更为有利的条款获取相应的货物原产地证明书。尽管向WTO通报时作出了相反的表示，马拉维同样出于非优待目的维持着原产地规则。
10. Malawi has bound 31.6% of its tariff lines at ad valorem rates ranging from 20% to 125%; by and large, it retains considerable flexibility for autonomous tariff increases. On six tariff lines, Malawi's applied rates exceed the corresponding bound levels by 75 percentage points; the authorities have indicated their intention to address these breaches in the budgetary deliberations for FY 2016-17.
马拉维将其31.6%的关税细目的从价运费限制在20%－125%之间；大体上，其保留着很大的自主增加关税的灵活性。在六项关税细目上，马拉维应用关税超过了约束水平的75%；有关当局已经指出，他们打算在2016-17财年解决预算审议中出现的违规行为。
11. The simple average applied MFN tariff in FY 2015-16 is 12.7%, down from 13.1% in FY 2009-10. The tariff comprises eight bands: zero, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 200%, against six bands (zero, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 20%, and 25%) in FY 2009-10. Malawi applies no tariff quotas. Agriculture remains the most tariff-protected sector: the average applied tariff on agricultural products (WTO definition) is 18.8% (up from 17.3% in 2009), whereas the corresponding average for non-agricultural products stands at 11.6% (down from 12.5% in 2009).
2009-10财年采用的简单、平均最惠国关税为13.1%，2015-16财年下降到12.7%。关税分为8个不同水平：0、5%、7.5%、10%、15%、20%、25%和200%，而在2009-10财年则分为0、5%、7.5%、10%、20%和25% 6个不同水平。马拉维不存在关税配额。农业仍是受关税保护最多的：农产品的平均适用关税(WTO定义)为18.8%（2009年为17.3%），而非农产品的平均适用关税则为11.6%（2009年为12.5%）。
12. Malawi maintains licensing requirements and a system of trade permits for the importation and exportation of certain goods; permits typically specify the total quantity and value of a particular product that can be traded. In June 2013, the number of items controlled on exportation was reduced from 25 to 10. The importation or exportation of certain goods, such as agricultural products, requires both a trade permit and a licence. The submission and processing of applications for permits and licences remains non-computerized and must be carried out in the capital, Lilongwe.
马拉维有着许可证要求及进口和出口某些商品的贸易许可体系；允许具体指定可交易特定产品的总量和价值。2013年6月，出口受限的项目数从25下降到10。某些商品（如农产品）的进出口要求获得贸易许可和许可证。许可和许可证申请的提交和处理仍需到首都利隆圭人工办理。
13. Malawi has not taken any anti-dumping actions during the period under review; it has yet to establish an authority competent to conduct anti-dumping investigations. Malawi also lacks the legal and institutional frameworks for the application of countervailing measures and safeguards.
马拉维于贸易政策审议期间未采取任何反倾销行动；它目前还未成立调查反倾销行为的相关机构。同时，马拉维也缺少申请采取反补贴措施和保障措施的法律和体制框架。
14. Malawi should gain a lot from a simplification of import procedures relating to standards and technical regulations. The Malawi Bureau of Standards (MBS) retains sole responsibility for the testing and certification of goods and services subject to technical regulations; it carries out periodic inspections on the domestic market and, under the so-called Import Quality Monitoring Scheme (IQMS), the compulsory testing of all consignments of such goods entering Malawi. Malawi does not recognize certificates and test reports from certification bodies accredited overseas, including those from the SADC/COMESA region. Owing to a lack of international accreditation of its facilities, the certificates and test reports issued by the MBS under its Export Quality Certification Scheme are generally not accepted in foreign markets.
马拉维应从标准和技术规范相关的进口程序之简化中获益良多。马拉维标准局（MBS）独自负责受技术规范约束产品和服务的测试与认证；它会定期检查国内市场，并根据所谓的进口质量监测方案（IQMS）对进入马拉维的该类商品的所有托运进行强制性测试。马拉维不承认海外公认的认证机构所颁发的证书和测试报告，包括来自SADC/COMESA地区的证书和报告。由于其设施缺少国际认证，马拉维标准局（MBS）根据其出口质量认证计划颁发的证书和测试报告并不为国外市场所接受。
15. There has been little change to Malawi's SPS regime during the period under review; the legislation in force remains outdated and a range of capacity weaknesses are yet to be addressed. One notification was made to the WTO SPS Committee during the review period. While a general import ban on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) remains in place, authorizations for experimental purposes have been granted on two occasions.
贸易政策审议期间，马拉维的SPS机制没有发生任何变化；目前有效的法律依然陈旧过时，同时，一系列的能力缺陷仍有待解决。马拉维于审议期间向WTO SPS委员会通报过一次。在关于转基因生物的一般进口禁令仍存在的情况下，有关当局在两种情况下出于试验目的获得授权。
16. The registration and customs clearance procedures for exports are similar to those for imports; in addition, exports require a currency declaration. Malawi levies a tax of 50% on exports of wood in a rough state; the stated purpose of this tax is to encourage local value addition. During the period under review Malawi maintained export prohibitions on certain goods, including maize and maize products, and raw hardwood timber. Malawi's exports benefit from unilateral preferences in major export markets.
出口注册和通关手续与进口的类似；此外，出口要求采用货币申报。马拉维对处于未加工的木材征收50%的出口关税；海关当局声称，征收此税是为了鼓励本地附加值。在贸易政策审议期间，马拉维对某些商品实施了出口限制，包括原木材、玉米和玉米制品。马拉维的出口从主要出口市场的单边优待中获益。
17. As regards export support and promotion, Malawi has created the Malawi Investment and Trade Centre, and set up an Export Development Fund, which has so far been predominantly active in the provision of trade finance. On the domestic market, agro-processing and electricity generation, transmission and distribution have been designated as priority industries and have been granted fiscal incentives.
马拉维针对出口支持和促进创建了马拉维投资和贸易中心、设立了出口发展基金，该基金在提供贸易融资方面始终扮演着最为活跃的角色。对于国内市场，农产品加工、发电、传输和配电被指定为优先发展的行业，并获得了财政鼓励。
18. State involvement remains prevalent in many sectors of the Malawian economy and, in some cases, continues to crowd out private entrepreneurs. Besides soft budget constraints, some SOEs have benefitted from tax concessions on the acquisition of motor vehicles, equipment and machinery, as well as from preferential access to land. During the period under review, Malawi revisited its privatization programme with a view to prioritizing public-private partnerships as a means of attracting strategic investors. Nevertheless, progress on privatization has apparently been slow.
马拉维政府干预经济的现象在许多领域依然盛行，一些情况下，这仍继续将私营企业排挤出去。除了软预算约束之外，一些国有企业从收购机动车、设备和机械及土地优惠上获得税收减免的好处。在贸易政策审议期间，马拉维政府重温了其私营化的项目，以期优先考虑将公私合营作为吸引战略投资者的手段。尽管如此，私营化的进程仍异常缓慢。
19. There have been no changes to the intellectual property (IP) regime in Malawi during the period under review. The authorities have drafted an IP policy that should guide the review of outdated laws with a view to integrating the IP system into government development strategies. Implementation of the IP policy faces a number of challenges, including lack of human resources and finance; inadequate infrastructure for managing and administering IPRs; absence of IPR-related training and educational institutions and services; and lack of awareness among major stakeholders.
贸易政策审议期间，马拉维的知识产权体系仍维持原样。有关当局起草了应用于审查陈旧法律的知识产权政策，以期将知识产权体系的解释纳入到政府发展战略当中。知识产权政策的落实面临诸多挑战，包括缺少人力资源和财政支持；管理知识产权的基础设施不足；缺少知识产权体系相关的培训和教育机构与服务；主要利益相关者没有相应的意识。
20. Agriculture continues to play a central role in the Malawian economy; it contributes around 30% to GDP and 75% to export earnings. However, sectoral GDP shares have gradually shifted away from agriculture while mining and various service subsectors have increased their contribution. Maize is the country's staple food. Food security is the main policy objective for the agriculture sector, and a programme that provides subsidized fertilizer to maize farmers is the main instrument to achieve this. The fisheries sector is important as a source of employment, food, and biodiversity. Deforestation continues at very high rates.
农业继续对马拉维的经济起到重要作用；农业贡献了30%左右的GDP和75%左右的出口收入。然而，随着采矿及各种服务业在GDP中比重的增加，农业的贡献比例逐渐减小。玉米是马拉维的主食。食品安全是农业部门制定政策时首先需要考虑的：一个为种玉米的农民提供肥料补贴的项目就是实现此目的的主要工具。渔业作为就业、食物和生物多样性的来源具有重要意义。森林开伐率持续走高。
21. The mining sector contributes about 5% to GDP. The bulk of fuel is imported. Malawi's manufacturing sector is relatively small, with agro-processing being the dominant activity. Less than 10% of Malawi's population has access to electricity. Electricity prices remain under government control and, despite some recent price increases, remain amongst the lowest in the world, which strongly discourages investment in the sector. The shortfall in electricity supply has been recognized as a major growth constraint, and a factor in deterring investors and weakening the competitiveness of local industries.
采矿业贡献了5%的GDP。大部分的燃料都是进口的。马拉维制造业的规模相对较小，其中，农产品加工占据主导地位。马拉维只有不足10%的人可以用上电。电价一直受到政府控制，虽然最近价格有所上涨，但仍是全世界最低的——这极大地打击了投资的积极性。电力供应的不足被认为是一大限制因素，不仅如此，这还另投资者望而却步，同时也削弱了本地工业的竞争力。
22. Services constitute about half of GDP. Malawi has made only a few commitments under the GATS. The services balance has traditionally posted a deficit. Malawi undertook a number of financial services sector reforms during the period under review with a view to increasing financial inclusion. The telecom sector has grown strongly since the last review, mainly driven by mobile subscriptions. Road transport remains the dominant mode of transport, and transport prices remain high. Privatization and partial liberalization of air transport services have led to increased competition and lower prices on regional routes. The tourism industry is still in its infancy, but offers great potential for development both as a foreign exchange earner and for the provision of employment.
服务业占到GDP的一半左右。马拉维仅对GATS中的数项作出了承诺。服务业一直以来都处于入不敷出的境地。马拉维政府于审议期间采取了数项金融服务业更改，以期增强金融包容性。自上次审议以来，通信业取得了长足的发展，这主要得益于手机用户的增多。道路运输仍是主要的运输方式，运输价格居高不下。航空服务的私营化和部分自由化已经导致某些地区的行业因竞争加剧而降价。旅游业仍处于起步阶段，然而，不论是从赚取外汇还是提供就业岗位的角度来说，服务业都有着巨大的发展潜力。
23. As a landlocked country, Malawi depends heavily on the efficiency of transit corridors and ports in neighbouring countries. Although some progress has been achieved over the past six years, the corridors still lack efficiency. Transport time to the nearest maritime port is usually still several days. This increases the cost of trading and also limits the range of exportable products, effectively excluding most types of perishables.
作为一个内陆国家，马拉维高度依赖于临近国家过境走廊和港口的效率。虽然过去六年取得了一些进展，过境走廊的效率仍未得到提高。运输货物到最近的海港通常仍需花费数天的时间。这既增加了交易的成本，也限制了可出口产品的种类，大多数类型的易腐烂货物因此都被排除在外。