№ 1.Kazakh tribes and their life
Nomadic people are communities of people who move from one place to another. There are an estimated 30-40 million nomads in the world. Kazakhs ones of them. Kazakhs are descendants of Turkic tribes. There are argyns, karluks, kipchaks. Nomadic cultures are discussed in three categories according to economic specialization: hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads, and "peripatetic nomads".
Nomadic hunting and gathering, following seasonally available wild plants and game, is by far the oldest human subsistence method.
Pastoralists raise herds, driving them or moving with them, in patterns that normally avoid depleting pastures beyond their ability to recover.
Peripatetic nomads, who offer the skills of a craft or trade to those they travel among, are most common in industrialized nations.
Argyn tribe is one of the main constituents of the Kazakh people and a main component in the Middle juz sub-confederation in Kazakhstan, which historically consisted of three tribal conglomerations of Great juz, Middle juz, and Little juz.
The Karluks were a prominent nomadic Turkic tribe residing in the regions of Kara-lrtysh and the Tarbagatai Mountains west of the Altay Mountains in Central Asia. They were closely related to the Uyghurs. The Karluk language is also known as Chagatai.
Kipchaks were an ancient Turkic people who originally formed part of the group of Kimaks in Siberia along the middle reaches of Irtysh or along the Ob. Around the middle of the 11th century they formed a confederation with another tribe, the Cumans.
№ 2. Democratic Kazakhstan
Republic of Kazakhstan situated on the Central Asia. It borders on Siberian Russia in the north, China in the east, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan in the south, and the Caspian Sea and European Russia in the west. Astana is the capital and Almaty is the largest city. Other major cities include Shymkent, Karaganda, Aktobe, Semey and Oskemen.
Under the constitution of 1995, Kazakhstan is headed by a strong executive president, who is elected by popular vote. There is a bicameral parliament, most of whose members are elected, but its powers are limited. The country is divided into 14 administrative units, or oblasts. The population numbers some 16 million. Population density is as high as 6 people per lsq km.
There are 8,500 big and small rivers in Kazakhstan. The length of seven largest rivers exceeds 1000 km. The largest ones are the Ural and the Emba, the Irtysh, the lshim and the Tobol.
Steppes occupy some 26% of the territory of Kazakhstan. 167,000,000 ha account for deserts. It is 44%. And semi-deserts with forests occupying 21,000,000 ha. It's 14%.
№ 3.Astana is the symbol of hope
Astana, the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan since 1997, is situated on a picturesque land of the lshimRiver.
The town of Akmolinsk acquired incorporated status in 1862. Merchants from all regions of Kazakhstan, Russia and the Central Asian countries traveled here. Later the town was renamed Tselinograd and the administrative center of an agricultural region.
Since acquiring the status of capital the city's face has changed dramatically. The architects and builders working in the capital create wonderful architectural ensembles.
There are many buildings in the city. Each of them can be a symbol of Kazakhstan because their construction is very interesting.
The Baiterek Tower has become the city's symbol and its visiting card. The height of the structure is 105 meters. The figure of 97 was not chosen at random. It symbolizes the year of the movement of the capital from Almaty to Astana. The Baiterek Tower accommodates an art gallery, a large aquarium and a restaurant.
Astana has become one of the largest business centers in the region. All governmental organizations, the diplomatic missions of 44 countries and 113 joint ventures and foreign businesses are located here.
Every year the city hosts various international industrial exhibitions, conferences, musical contests and festivals of the Kazakhstan people.
№ 4. A famous person in Kazakh culture
Abay Ibrahim Qunanbayuli (August 10, 1845 - July 6, 1904) was a Kazakh poet, composer and philosopher. He was also a cultural reformer toward European and Russian cultures.
Abay was born in the city of Karaul, in the East Kazakhstan ; the son of Qunanbay and Uljan, Qunanbay's second wife. They named him Ibrahim, but because of his brightness, he soon was given the nickname "Abay". His father's economic status enabled the boy to attend a Russian school in his youth. At his school in Semipalatinsk, Abay encountered the writings of Mikhail Lermontov and Alexander Pushkin.
Abay's main contribution to Kazakh culture and folklore lies in his poetry, which expresses great nationalism and grew out of Kazakh culture. During Abay's lifetime, however, a number of important sociopolitical and socio-economic changes occurred.
Abay's major work is The Book of Words a philosophic treatise and collection of poems where he criticizes Russian colonial policies and encourages his fellow Kazakhs to embrace education and literacy to escape from colonial oppression.
II variant.Roza Kuanyshevna Rymbayeva (born 1957) is a Soviet and Kazakh singer, the national artist of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1986), the national artist of the USSR.
She was born in 28 October 1957 at the Zhangiz-Tobe station in the East Kazakhstan Province to a family of railway workers. Graduated from the faculty musical-dramatic comedy of theatrical-artistic institute in Almaty (1984). From 1976 to 1979 soloist of republican youth-pop band "Gulder" ("Flowers"), from 1979 in a pop band "Arai", managed by her husband T.Okapov. Since 1979 - a soloist of Kazakhconcert, the main republican concert. She also combines as a teacher of Republic pop-circus college. The winner of various international contests of pop singers (1977 Sopot, Bulgaria, 1979, Istanbul, Turkey). The winner of grand-prix of "Gala-83" international contest in Cuba. Her repertoire includes songs of Kazakh and foreign composers, along with the works of modern composers performs national songs in a peculiar interpretation. For the moment she sums up her 25-year career of singer, arranges her own jubilee concerts, but Roza Rymbaeva is not going to leave stage. "I have sung so many songs in my 25-year career, that I can't place all of them into my concert program" she says. Her tour now includes 30 songs. She is often compared with Alla Pugacheva. They were both recognized by people as the Prima donnas despite their diversity in style, image and manner. They are both great workers, both are women with hard but interesting destiny. Roza Rymbaeva became the national artist at the age of 28.
She received the 1977 Grand Prix of the Eurovision song "Golden Orpheus", Bulgaria. From 1976 to 1979 she was a soloist "Gulder (Gylder). In 1979 he was honored as People's Artist of Kazakh SSR. In 2000 received a nomination for "Star scene" in "Woman of the Year."
№ 5. An English holiday
There are some holidays in Great Britain. They are Christmas day, Boxing Day, New Years Day, Easter, may day, spring bank holiday and summer bank holiday. Public holidays in G.B. are called bank holidays because the banks, most of the offices and shops are closed.
The most popular holiday is Christmas. Every year the people of Norway give the city of London the present. It is a big Christmas tree and it stands in Trufalger square. Central streets are beautifully decorated. Before Christmas groups of singers go from house to house. They collect money for charity and sing carols traditional Christmas songs. The fun starts the night before, on the 24 of December. This is the day when people decorate their trees. Children hang stocking at the end of their beds, hoping that Santa Claus will come at night and fall them with toys and sweets.
Christmas is a family holiday. Relatives’ prepare for the big Christmas dinner of turkey and Christmas pudding and everyone gives and gets presents. The 26 of December, Boxing Day are an extra holiday after Christmas. This is the time to meet friends or sit at home and watch TV.
New years day is less popular in Britain then Christmas. Besides public holidays there are some special holidays in Britain. One of them takes place on the 5 of November, when in 1605 Guy Fawkes tried to kill a King James the first. But he didn’t succeed.
№ 6. Great Britain today
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country to the northwest of mainland Europe. It comprises the island of Great Britain, the northeast part of Ireland and many small islands. NorthernIreland is the only part of the UK with a land border with the Republic of Ireland. The UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. The largest island, Great Britain, is linked toFrance by the Channel Tunnel.
The United Kingdom is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy country. It comprises four constituent countries — England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
The UK nevertheless retains significant economic, cultural, military and political influence and is a nuclearpower, with the second highest defence spending in the world. It holds a permanent seat on the United NationsSecurity Council, and is a member of the G8, NATO, the European Union and the Commonwealth of Nations.
All parts of the United Kingdom have a temperate climate, with plentiful rainfall all year round. The temperature varies with the seasons but seldom drops below 10 C or rises above 35 C. In the west winters are wet.Summers are warmest in the south east oftEngland and coolest in the north. Snowfall can occur in winter and early spring.
№ 7. President and Congress of the USA
The USA is a federal union of 50 states. The basic law is the constitution, adopted in 1787, which prescribes the structure of national government and lists its rights and fields of authority. Each state has its government and all of them have the dual character of both Federal and State government. The political system of the USA is divided into three branches: judicial, legislative and executive. Each branch holds a certain degree of power over the others, and all take part in the governmental process.
A new Congress session begins on the 3rd of January and continues for two years. A Congressman mustwork long and hard. Bills are studied, recommendations are made to the whole House of Senate. They accept andimprove some bills, but reject most of them. If it passes, it is sent to the other house where a similar procedure occurs.
The executive power in the USA belongs to the President and his Administration. The Presidency in the USA is the highest governmental office. President in the USA is the head of the state and the government, and alsothe commander-in-chief of the US Armed Forces.
Besides, President has an inner Cabinet, the so-called 'white-house office'. The House of Representatives may bring charges against the President, it is called 'impeachment' - a formal accusation against a public official by a legislative body, for treason, bribery and other high crimes.
№ 8. American holidays
Probably the most widely celebrated holidays in the United States of America are Thanksgiving, Independence Day and Christmas.
Thanksgiving Day is marked on the fourth Thursday of November. On this day Americans thank their God for his blessings. Families gather together for a traditional dinner which includes roast turkey and pumpkin pie.
Independence Day is marked on the 4th of July as the birthday of the United States as a free and independent nation. Generally, picnics, parades and firework displays are held all over the country on this day.
Christmas is the most important religious holiday for Christians. Gift-giving is very common at Christmas. American children look forward to Christmas morning, when they find gifts brought by Santa Claus.
Other important holidays are Easter, Labour Day and Memorial Day. Labour Day is observed on the 1st Monday of September to honour the working people. Memorial Day, on the 4th Monday of May, is a day when the dead of all wars are remembered.
№ 9. Young people's problems
Youth today has a lot of really difficult problems to solve. The first problem is education. Today, when the education is not free, the parents must pay money if they want their children to have higher education. Many teenagers have to work but it is difficult for them to find a job. Only skilled specialists are needed everywhere, so teenagers become unemployed. They want to earn their own money, that’s why some of them become robbers, thieves and murderers. Teenagers want to work as waiters, barmen, sellers and so on. As a rule most of the teenagers don’t read serious classical literature. The biggest problem for youth is alcohol, drugs, smoking. The next problem is pregnancy among young women. There are a lot of dangerous diseases. One of them is AIDS. There is no medicine to treat it. Every year three million people die of smoking. If you smoke your life is 25% shorter. But in Russia more than 76% of population smokes. If you want to be healthy and strong you should give up your bad habits. As for me I have no problems with it.
II variant. Everybody says your youth is probably the best time of young life, that being young means romance, love, new discoveries & so on. But it is also the most difficult time because you have to make some very important decisions, which will influence all your future life.
Things are not easy nowadays even for adults, but for teen-ages, who have to find their own place in society, it’s very difficult. It’s necessary not only to adapt to your society, but also to be confident about your position in 5, 10 or 20 years time.
For your future it is essential to have a good job. Every girl or boy leaving secondary school should choose an institution of higher education, or if he or she doesn’t want to study any more, choose a job straight way.
Put even if you are studying, you need money of your own to pay for extra clothes, tapes, books. It something the problem.
Emotional problems for young people can be far more difficult than financial ones. The typical teenager problem is drug-habit. Some young man use drugs, because they think that will be cool guys. But they don’t understand, that it’s wrong. Some of them can’t stop that, and they become dependent on drugs. And they commit different serious crimes, because they need some money to buy drugs.
Another typical problem for most of the teen-ages is problem with their parents. Leo Tolstoy said: “All families are happy in the similar way and tahappy in its own way”. And happiness or unhappiness of any family mostly depends on relations in it.
So many families so many family relations. Each family establishes its own relations in its own way. It has its own traditions & customs & its own unwritten constitution including rights & duties of every member of the family. The level of democracy is also different in different families, which mostly depends on the viewpoints of adults usually not coinciding with a child’s point of view. So the problem of misunderstanding becomes urgent. Some people can it generation gap. It as a rule sharpens as soon as a child approaches his or her difficult teens. And both sides (parents & children) should be patient & tactful & it’s the only way to settle down all the problems & stay friends.
№ 10. Can people manage without computer?
In our life, in our time it is impossible to do something without computer. Everybody works through computer or netbook. Students do their homework and the people who works do their work. Because we can do everything through computer. We can talk with friends in other cities or countries through video or agent, we can show their photographies, watch TV programs, films, clips and so on. You can even visit museums, gardens, cities through out the World , learn foreign language and meet new friends. And, of course, you can play computer games through internet, competing with partners from other countries continents. And we can do our homework through internet, 1 know that people in ancient time lived without computer or any technology. But it was another time. Now time of progress. There are some kinds of computer: netbook, noutbook, computer in mobile phone and so on. In office where people work it's necessary computer. Chief have to know how his workmen work. And it's possible only through computer. 1 want to say that people can not work, study and manage without computer.
12. Bill"Gates
William Henry"Bill"Gates III(born October 28, 1955)Не is an Americanbusiness magnate,investor, philanthropist, and author. Gates is the former CEO and current chairman ofMicrosoft, the software company he founded withPaul Allen. He is consistently ranked among theworld's wealthiest people[5]and was the wealthiest overall from 1995 to 2009, excluding 2008, when he was ranked third.[6]During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of CEO andchief software architect, and remains the largest individual shareholder, with 6.4 percent of thecommon stock.[7]He has also authored or co-authored several books.