Stimulated area / Forms of epilepsy / N / Stimulation
paradigm / Effifcacy
(%responders) / References
A. Cerebellar cortical stimulation: uncontrolled studies
Anterior lobe / Convulsive seizures / 4 / Chronic electrical:
10 V, 10 Hz / 100% / [1]
Anterior lobe / Psychomotor, tonic-clonic
and myoclonic / 15 / Chronic electrical:
10 V, ~10 Hz / 67% / [2]
Anterior lobe / Focal, partial, tonic-clonic
or mixed / 32 / Chronic electrical: Max. 10 V / 56% / [3]
Anterior lobe and hemispheres / Psychomotor, tonic-clonic
and focal / 6 / Chronic electrical:
10 Hz / 83% / [4]
Unclear / Intractable / 3 / Chronic electrical / 100% / [5]
Unclear / Tonic-clonic / 6 / Chronic electrical:
1-10 V, 10 Hz / 50% / [6]
Superior hemispheres / Intractable / 14 / Daily electrical:
1-7 V, 10 Hz / 93% / [7]
Superomedial lobe / Intractable / 19 / Chronic electrical:
150-200 Hz / 84% / [8]
B. Cerebellar cortical stimulation: double blind studies
Superomedial lobe / Partial or generalized / 5 / Chronic electrical:
10-14 V, 10 or 200 Hz / 20% / [9]
Superior, parasagittal / Tonic-clonic, atonic, complex partial, myoclonic and absence seizures / 9 / Chronic electrical:
1-7 mA, 10 Hz / 11% / [10]
Superomedial lobe / Tonic-clonic (all), tonic, myoclonic and absence seizures / 3 / Chronic electrical: 2.28V, 10Hz / 100% / [11]
C. Cerebellar nuclei stimulation: uncontrolled studies
Dentate (lateral) nucleus / Partial, tonic-clonic and myoclonic seizures / 4 / Daily electrical:
10 V, 10 and 100 Hz / 100% / [12]
Dentate (lateral) nucleus / Intractable / N/A / Chronic electrical:
6 V, 50- 100 Hz / N/A / [13]
Dentate (lateral) nucleus / Tonic-clonic, tonic, complex partial motor and partial complex seizures / 11 / Daily electrical:
2-6 mA, 50- 100 Hz / 90% / [14]
N/A = not available
References
1 Cooper, I.S. (1973) Effect of chronic stimulation of anterior cerebellum on neurological disease. Lancet 1, 206
2 Cooper, I.S., et al. (1976) Chronic cerebellar stimultion in epilepsy. Clinical and anatomical studies. Arch. Neurol. 33, 559-570
3 Cooper, I.S., et al. (1977) Safety and efficacy of chronic stimulation. Neurosurgery 1, 203-205
4 Gilman, S., et al. (1977) Clinical, morphological, biochemical, and physiological effects of cerebellar stimulation. In Functional Electrical Stimulation: Applications in Neural Prosthesis (5 edn) (Hambrecht, F. and Reswick, J.B., eds), pp. 191-226, Marcel Dekker
5 Dow, R.S., et al. (1977) Clinical experience with chronic cerebellar stimulation in epilepsy and cerebral palsy. In Proceedings of the Western EEG society (Meyers, L., ed), pp. 906, Elsevier/North Holland publishers, Ltd
6 Levy, L.F. and Auchterlonie, W.C. (1979) Chronic cerebellar stimulation in the treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsia 20, 235-245
7 Bidziński, J., et al. (1981) Effect of cerebellar cortical electrostimulation on the frequency of epileptic seizures in severe forms of epilepsy. Neurol. Neurochir. Pol. 15, 605-609
8 Davis, R. and Emmonds, S.E. (1992) Cerebellar stimulation for seizure control: 17-year study. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 58, 200-208
9 Van Buren, J.M., et al. (1978) Preliminary evaluation of cerebellar stimulation by double-blind stimulation and biological criteria in the treatment of epilepsy. J. Neurosurg. 48, 407-416
10 Wright, G.D., et al. (1984) A double-blind trial of chronic cerebellar stimulation in twelve patients with severe epilepsy. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psych. 47, 769-774
11 Velasco, F., et al. (2005) Double-blind, randomized controlled pilot study of bilateral cerebellar stimulation for treatment of intractable motor seizures. Epilepsia 46, 1071-1081
12 Šramka, M., et al. (1976) Some observations in treatment stimulation of epilepsy. Acta Neurochir. (Suppl.) 23, 257-262
13 Šramka, M. and Chkhenkeli, I.S. (1990) Clinical experience in intraoperational determination of brain inhibitory structures and application of implanted neurostimulators in epilepsy. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 54-55, 56-59
14 Chkhenkeli, S.A., et al. (2004) Electrophysiological effects and clinical results of direct brain stimulation for intractable epilepsy. Clin. Neuro.l Neurosurg. 106, 318-329