1.1 the Nature of Science: Why Study Science?

BIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 NOTESCONDENSED

1.1 The Nature of Science: Why Study Science?

Skepticism is born out of the need to observe-A skeptic thinks“Seeing is Believing”

Science is a form of reductionism which relies on analysis.

Levels of Scientific Certainty

Hypothesis: A hypothesis isn’t just an educated guess though we often suggest this.

A hypothesis is a prediction made which must be tested through experimentation

Scientific Theories have a lot of data to support them from different branches but are not definitive, or often can never be definitive, they are in essence hypotheses with lots of supportive evidence and they are Predictive-that is they can predict outcomes accurately

Scientific Laws have no evidence that disputes or calls into question their validity or predictive accuracy

1.2 The Steps of the Scientific Method

1. Observe a phenomenon and pose a question.

“What is the relationship between X and Y”?(x and y are variables with an assumed relationship.)

2. Formulate a Hypothesis (an answer to your question)-

“I think that the relation ship between X & Y is……..(direct/indirect relationship)”

3.Test Hypothesis-Most often we survey existent data (do research) but we can also…

Experiment -A Good Experimental design isolates variables using strictly defined parameters

TheControlled or Independent Variable-is the thing you change

TheUncontrolledor DependentVariable- is the thing that changes in response

Control Setup = Experimental Setup – Controlled Variable

4. Data Collection and Analysis -

We collect and display datea using Tables & Graphs,

We analyze data using Statistical instruments like mean median, mode , % Error , X2and the Student T test

5. Conclusion-A conclusion is a concise explanation as to whetheryour data supports or does not support yourhypothesis

6. Share your work- Scientists publish results and make sure they are replicable

1.3 Tools and Techniques

The Metric System- is based on root 10 or decimal system

Important Suffixes to know

Kilo (k) = 1000

Deci (d ) = 1/10

Centi (c) = 1/100

Milli (m)= 1/1000

Micro(

Nano (n) = 1/1000000000

We measure the following quantities

Mass = grams g

Length = meter m

Temperature = oC (oCelsius)

Volume solid = meter3

Volume liquid = liter l

1.4 What is Biology?Its the study of life!!

Other Branches of Biology include...(this is a short, very incomplete list)

Biochemistry- macromolecules like proteins, lipid, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

Cytology- the study of cells, cell types, their structures and metabolism

Genetics- the study of inherited traits

Microbiology – the study of unicellular organisms, archaebacteria ,eubacteria, protists and fungi

Evolution- the study of the change in species over time

Botany - plants

Zoology – animals

Ecology – the relationship between living and nonliving

The Characteristics of Living things (According to this book) CHHRRGM (CHARGEM!!!)

All organisms share the common characteristics

Cells- unicellular v. multicellular, and prokaryotic v. eukaryotic

Homeostasis- the maintenance of a stable internal environment

Heredity – pass traits form parent to offspring via DNA

Reproduction- asexual v. sexual

Response- homeostasis, irritability, evolution

Growth and Development- cell division and cell differentiation

Metabolism- the cycling of matter and energy

BIOLOGY CHAPTER 1: AN INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

1.1INTRO

SKEPTICISM

THEORY

LAWS

1.2THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

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1.3 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

Measurement SI v. SAE

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1.4 BIOLOGY

Branches of Biology

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Phys

7 Characteristics of Life

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Chapter 18 Taxonomy & Classification

CHAPTER 18.1 THE NEED FOR SYSTEMS

Why do biologists have taxonomic systems?

Common names like frog and worm don’t tell us enough information

Common names are misleading

Common names vary from country to country

Biologists use taxonomic systems to organize their knowledge of organisms.

About 1.7 million species have been named but millions more are undiscovered.

The practice of naming and classifying organisms is called TAXONOMY.

Biologists group organisms into large categories as well as more specific categories known as a TAXON(plural, taxa).

Early Classification Systems

The Ancient Philosopher Aristotle divided living things into 2 groups- Plants and Animals

Carl Linnaeus in the 1750s. introduced a two-word naming system called BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE .made up of two Latin terms for the GENUS and SPECIES

SCIENTIFIC NOMENCLATURE AKA BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

System is used to give each organism its SCIENTIFIC NAME the genus name and a single descriptive word for each species.

Naming Rules:The unique, two-part name for a species is now called a scientific name.

No two species can have the same scientific name.

All the members of a genus share the genus name as the first term.

The second term is called the species identifier, and is often descriptive.

When you write the name, the genus name should be capitalized and the species should be lowercase.

Both terms should be italicized.

The Modern Classification System or Modern Taxonomy

THE LINNAEAN SYSTEM

Uses Binomial nomenclature (2 names)Developed by CarolusLinneaus in 18th century

Organisms organized by structural features

The Eight basic levels of Modern Classification are domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, & species.

Levels of the Modern Linnaean System

-Each taxon is identified based on shared traits.

-Similar species are grouped into a genus; similar genera are grouped into a family; and so on up to the level of domain.

-All living things are now grouped into one of three domains.

-A SPECIES is defined as a unique group of organisms so similar they reproduce to form viable offspring

The Modern Taxonomy

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Did King Phillip Come Over For Good Soup?... You try one

EXAMPLE: Lion’s Taxonomy

DOMAINEukarya

KINGDOMAnimalia

PHYLUMChordata

CLASSMammalia

ORDERCarnivora

FAMILYFelidae

GENUSPanthera

SPECIESleo

Scientific Name Pantheraleo

EXAMPLE: Man’s Taxonomy

DOMAINEukarya

KINGDOMAnimalia

PHYLUMChordata

CLASSMammalia

ORDERPrimate

FAMILYHominidae

GENUSHomo

SPECIESsapiens

Scientific Name Homo sapiens

Classification of Life

In the PAST we used the 5 Kingdom system to classify life…

Monera- BacteriaProtista - “Pond Scum, Animacules”Fungi - Mushrooms. Molds, YeastPlantae – PlantsAnimalia - Animals

The 3 Domains of Life

Today we use The Modern Taxonomy

Archae- Ancient Prokaryotes

Bacteria - Modern Prokaryotes

Eukarya – Protista, Fungi, Plants, & Animals

Protista –Zooplankton & Phytoplankton

Fungi – Molds, Yeasts & Mushrooms

Plantae – Flowering Plants, Conifers, Ferns & Mosses

Animalia - Sponges, Jellyfish, Worms, Insects, Fish, Mammals, & Birds

DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS

Taxonomy

Taxon

Binomial Nomenclature

Scientific Name

Species

Shared Traits

What are the 3 domains?

What are the 6 kingdoms?

For the following characterize each domain or kingdom using the following IDENTIFYING terms

P =ProkaryoticE = EukaryoticU = UnicellularM = Multicellular

A = AutotrophicH = HeterotrophicAs = AsexualSx = Sexual

For Each Kingdom give EXAMPLES of major organisms

DOMAINKINGDOMIDENTIFIERSEXAMPLES

AA

BB

EP

F

P

A