__1)A scientific principle is a(n)
a)observable fact of nature
b)synthesis of several explanations of many observations
c)scientific dictum
d)testable hypothesis
e)experimental procedure
__2)A(n) ______is an educated guess.
a)theory
b)principle
c)observable fact
d)hypothesis
e)law
__3)Which of the following can an experiment NOT do?
a)prove a hypothesis
b)disprove a hypothesis
c)lead to a modification of a hypothesis
d)none of the above
__4)The difference between the experimental and control group is a(n)
a)dependent variable
b)independent variable
c)control variable
d)data set
e)statistical unit of comparison
__5)Which of the following represents the highest degree of certainty?
a)hypothesis
b)conclusion
c)principle
d)theory
e)law
__6)In order to arrive at a solution to a problem a scientist usually proposes and tests
a)laws
b)theories
c)hypotheses
d)principles
e)facts
__7)The control in an experiment
a)makes the experiment valid
b)is an additional replicate for statistical purposes
c)reduces the experimental errors
d)minimizes experimental inaccuracy
e)allows a standard of comparison for the experimental group
__8)A control group
a)is not subjected to experimental errors.
b)is exposed to experimental treatments.
c)is maintained under strict laboratory conditions
d)is treated exactly the same as the experimental group
e)varies from the experimental group only in the factor being tested by the experiment.
__9)The validity of scientific discoveries should be based on
a)morality
b)aesthetics
c)philosophy
d)economics
e)none of the above
__10)What is the primary reason for including a control within the design of an experiment?
a)To demonstrate in what way the experiment was performed incorrectly.
b)To insure that the results obtained are due to a difference in only one variable.
c)To provide more data so that one can perform a more sophisticated statistical analysis.
d)To test the effect of more than one variable.
e)To accumulate more facts that can be reported to other scientists.
__11)Which of the following is a correct statement about the scientific method?
a)It can only be done by someone with a Ph.D. degree.
b)Its methods are substantially different from the way people normally process information from and about their environment.
c)It organizes evidence and helps us predict what will happen in our environment.
d)It distinguishes between good and bad.
e)It requires expensive laboratory equipment.
__12)A common first step in the scientific method is
a)formulation of testable hypotheses.
b)collecting data.
c)formulation of a theory.
d)a search for relevant materials in the library.
e)conducting a controlled experiment.
__13)A tentative explanation based on observation and past knowledge is a:
a)hypothesis
b)phenomenon
c)control
d)variable
e)theory
__14)Which statement is false regarding science?
a)Science helps us to understand the natural world
b)Science strives to be objective rather than subjective
c)Correct scientific conclusions are permanent and never subject to change or refinement
d)Information is gathered by scientific methods
e)Information is gained by observing and testing
__15)Regarding the scientific method, which statement is false?
a)Inductive reasoning is used to form a hypothesis.
b)Observations are used to form a hypothesis.
c)Experiments need to be repeatable.
d)Original hypotheses are formed after an experiment.
e)The control and experimental group are identical except for one variable.
__16)Which of the following is/are based on scientific observation and reason?
a)Some chemical compounds react differently in different human cultures.
b)If a tree falls in a forest, but this is never witnessed by a human, there are no physical or biological consequences.
c)Many physical and biological phenomena lack any cause-and-effect; outcomes from one situation may be one way today and another tomorrow.
d)Objects fall downward anywhere on the earth's surface regardless of the observer
e)All of the above are based on science.
__17)Regarding the scientific method, which statement is false?
a)Hypotheses are tentative explanations of observed phenomena.
b)A hypothesis may become a theory which may become a law.
c)Deductive reasoning is often used in the design of the experiment.
d)The experimental variable is the result or change that is observed.
e)Conclusions are formed after an experiment is conducted.
__18)Which statement is false?
a)Science improved our life by the discovery of antibiotics.
b)Science helps us to understand cancer mechanisms.
c)Science is a basis for all ethical and moral decisions.
d)Science can ease the feeding of the world population by producing new plant strains.
__19)Regarding the scientific method, which statement is false?
a)Results of the experiment are reported in scientific journals.
b)Hypotheses are finally proven as absolutely true or false.
c)The control is not subjected to the experimental variable.
d)Statistical tests may be used to analyze the results of the experiment.
e)Results of the experiment are often summarized in a graph or a table.
__20)Regarding the scientific method, which statement is false?
a)A theory repeatedly supported is sometimes called a law.
b)Consistent observations about a hypothesis may lead to a theory.
c)Theories formed in everyday life carry the same validity as a scientific theory.
d)Only one experimental variable is used in an experiment.
e)Published research should provide detail to allow anyone to repeat the experiment in the same manner.
__21)If one group is given some medicine that may cure a disease and the other is given a sugar pill, the group who got the medicine is the:
a)hypothetical group
b)scientific group
c)control group
d)experimental group
__22)A hypothesis is:
a)a reasonable guess of an answer
b)a law that explains results
c)the same as a theory
d)observable data
__23)A control group differs from an experimental group
a)in the number of test organisms
b)by one variable
c)by most factors
d)in no way
__24)Scientific method includes all of these except:
a)observation
b)hypothesis making
c)testing
d)the application of knowledge gained
__25)If you want to set up a controlled experiment to determine the effects of caffeine on sleeping behavior in mice, you take a group of mice and divide it into two groups. Both are fed mice pellets, both are watered, both have 12 hours of daylight. Group 1 was given caffeine. What is appropriate for group 2?
a)2 X amount of caffeine
b)no caffeine
c)1/2 amount of caffeine
d)caffeine in a different form
__26)Which of the following statements is most correct?
a)Science is always right
b)Nonscientific study has little value
c)Science has all the answers
d)Religion has no value
e)Science seeks to explain natural occurrences
__27)Art, theology, and philosophy are nonsciences because:
a)they are not worthwhile fields of study
b)they are basically untrue
c)they deal with tings that cannot employ the scientific method
d)they are bodies of knowledge too small to qualify as science
__28)Controls are necessary in scientific experiments because they:
a)serve as a basis for comparison with the experimental results
b)enable the investigator to control the results
c)always confirm your observations
d)allow the investigator to develop experience in science
__29)Which of the following has the least general acceptance?
a)theory
b)law
c)hypothesis
d)these are all equally accepted
__30)In an investigation, 400 individuals were divided into low-stress and high-stress groups based on questionnaires designed to measure psychological stress levels. Each group sniffed nasal drops containing the cold virus. In the low-stress group, 75% of the volunteers became infected, but only 25% developed cold symptoms. In the high-stress group, 90% of the participants became infected and 50% developed full-blown colds. The study also looked at the subjects' ages, physical conditions, health habits, and self-esteem, but none of these were correlated to susceptibility to infection. Which of the following expresses the hypothesis of the study?
a)Viruses cause colds.
b)Factors such as poor health habits and low self-esteem can influence a person's susceptibility to viral infection.
c)Questionnaires can accurately gauge psychological stress levels
d)Individuals experiencing high-stress are more susceptible to developing colds than individuals experiencing low-stress
__31)In reference to the proceeding question, the control and experimental groups of the study were:
a)low-stress individuals; high-stress individuals
b)individuals who were infected; individuals who were not infected
c)individuals who developed cold symptoms; individuals who did not develop cold symptoms
d)self esteem; health habits
__32)A person hears a sound coming from a hole in the ground. Sometime later a groundhog is seen emerging from the hole in the ground. The person suspects that the sounds were made by the groundhog. The underlined portion of this story is best described as a(n):
a)experiment
b)control
c)observation
d)hypothesis
e)deductive reasoning