CHANGING UK ECONOMY / I can explain why employment within the UK changed from secondary jobs to tertiary jobs with reference to globalisation and outsourcing.
I can explain changes in the secondary and tertiary sectors in the North-East and South East of England.
I can explain why wages are higher in the SE than NE.
I can describe the different types of employment.
I can explain the environmental impacts of deindustrialisation in Newcastle.
I can explain how the economy in Newcastle has 'diversified'.
I can explain the positive and negative impacts of developing greenfield sites and give an example.
I can explain the positive and negative impacts of developing brownfield sites and give an example.
I can describe how the three areas of possible future growth for the UK's economy (The digital economy, education and research and green employment).
I can explain how people might work differently in the future.
Employment Sectors
You need to be aware about the last 50 years onwards only.
Primary / Secondary Sector / TertiaryIndustry which has decreased
Industry which has increased
Key Points: Domino effect, out-sourcing / off-shoring, globalisation, containerisation, TNCs.
Examinereasons for the changes in primary, secondary and tertiary employment in the UK (8 marks). [Remember - Point + Explain x 3 + v.short conclusion]
What is:
A footloose industry?
The new economy?
Changing Employment Patterns and Regional DifferencesTypes:
Permanent: A job with no end date.
Temporary: A job with an end date.
Full time: When someone works more than 35 hours
Part time: When someone works less than 35 hours
Change since 1960 / WhyTotal Workforce / Increased by
______
to 27million / Despite the UK's population growing 10 million in this time period, the total work force only grew by 3 million.
This is because young people are staying in education for longer and there are more elderly people who aren't or unable to work.
Average wages / Doubled to ______
a week. / The decline in unskilled and skilled manual jobs and rise in (academically) skilled jobs has lead to increased wages.
Women in the workforce / Increased by 14% to ______/ In 1960, women only received 20% of university degrees, today it is up to over 50%. Women are focusing more on their careers, being more independent, deciding to marry later on in life and have fewer children.
Part-time jobs / Increased by 20% to ______/ The 1960s workforce wasn't as flexible as it is today. Part-time work also suits people with families more than full-time work.
Working hours / Decreased by 4 hours to ______hrs per week. / More people are working part-time or working at home.
North-east / South-east
Average worker age / 42 / 34
Weekly earnings / £455 / £613
Unemployment / 10.3% / 6%
Main employment sector 1960's / Coal mining, ship building, iron and steel production. 1/4 of all jobs are in public service e.g. NHS. / Dockland (imports and exports), manufacturing (e.g. cars, buses).
Main employment sector 2010 / Manufacturing (Nissan), call centres (EE) because wages are 40% cheaper than London. / Banking, biotechnology, legal.
Suggest why the south-east economy has more banking, office based and hi-tech industry than the north-east economy.
What is:
A greenfield site?
A brownfield site?
Regeneration?
Impacts of industry developmentsCosts of developing greenfield sites / Benefits of developing greenfield sites
Costs of developing brownfield sites / Benefits of developing brownfield sites
“Using examples, compare the benefits of brownfield and greenfield urban development” (8) [Remember - Point + Explain x 3 + v.short conclusion]
De-industrialisation and the environmentThe closure of the industry has led to both positive and negative environmental impacts.
Positive / NegativeWater Quality
With fewer heavy metals from industries such as ship building, and less industrial waste and coal dust from the mines, going into the River Tyne the water quality, especially oxygen levels, has improved massively. This means fish have returned to the river – 30 000 salmon are estimated to spawn there now. / Derelict land
Land that was used for factories and ship building became derelict. All along the Tyne warehouses and factories closed and were abandoned to decay. This is important because land was often polluted with heavy metals so was expensive to re-use.
Air Quality
With much less coal being burntin industries such as ship building the amount of soot and sulphur dioxidein the air has decreased improving local air quality. This has led to fewer respiratory problems for peoplee.g. bronchitis. / Traffic
With more jobs spread around the city commuter traffic congestion has increased. This has led to more nitrous oxide being produced by cars.
Regeneration / Brownfield sites
Many derelict, brownfield sites, especially along the river in the centre of Newcastle have been regenerated. E.g. the old Baltic Flour Mill which is now an art gallery. This is important because new jobs have been created in the tertiary sector. / Greenfield Sites
Some new hi-tech computer industries in the quaternary sector e.g. Virgin Money,have located on the edge of Newcastle on a greenfield site as it is cheaper and more pleasant for their workers. This places pressure on natural habitats and farmland. This has led to urban sprawl.
2015 question:
For a named urban area, examine the environmental impacts ofde-industrialisation and economic diversification.(8)
How has Newcastle diversified?- Old industrial sites previously used for ship building, warehouses, factories and mills have been cleaned up and redeveloped.
- New office space has been created along with urban living warehouse apartments. Meaning a mixed use area.
- The Baltic Four Mill (derelict in 1980s) has been made into a famous art gallery attracting tourists and creating jobs.
- Millennium Bridge was built to link the different sides of the Tyne and created an architectural attraction.
- Lots of new public space created, especially along the quayside.
- New night time economy of outdoor bars and restaurants to create a much safer and busy place. Changed image from one of dereliction, vandalism and crime.
The future
What will happen next?
Example / Future / ImpactDigital economy / Online shopping, banking, creating apps. / Environment management?e.g. traffic flow, flood warnings. Use of Skype to see Dr?
Work from home remotely? / IT companies worth £100 billion to UK economy. and 10% of our GDP.
Education and research / Research in medicine, GMO crops, aerospace and defence / Need to increase access to universities.
Research ongoing. / % of people going to Uni doubled to 40% between 1995 and 2008. In 2012 ten colleges became Uni's.
Green employment / Designing green, energy efficient, sustainable buildings.
Eco-tourism.
Renewable goods. / Energy needs?
New materials? / Green goods and services worth £350 billion in 2010.
Who will do the work?
Migrants. In 2012 580 jobs a day went to migrants, this meets skills shortages and balances the UK's ageing population as many migrants are young and skilled.
Many companies would rather recruit ready trained foreign works than train UK youngsters themselves as it is cheaper.
UK employers use migrants to fill shortages in jobs that are hard to fill for example labourers, skilled trades, accountancy, doctors and nurses. Equally young graduates from the UK migrate to Australia and the EU to fill shortages elsewhere.
In Finland 80% of young people go to university. What are the costs and benefits of the UK aiming for the same %?
Costs / BenefitsOutline 2 areas where economic growth might take place in the UK. (8)
[Remember - Point + Explain x 3 + v.short conclusion]
Read P234-235 / What kind of world 2.
Additional Questions
Q1,2 and 3 are worth giving a go at home! (it hasn't been in any recent exams)