ESPIRIT Chart
You must include main ideas and details in each category
Civilization/Nation/Group______Western Europe______
Time Period______~10th Century______
E / MI: In the Western Europe, economic begins to take itself to a higher level with the changes it created.· Three-field system- a third of the land left unplanted each year to regain fertility.
· Charlemagne- established substantial empire in France/Germany around 800 years.
Ø Restore church-based education
Ø Level of intellectual activity begins.
· Horse collar was developed to prevent horse choking.
· Landlords uses serfs for personal grains
· Crusades- seeking more for international trade.
· West became common commercial zone ~ trade begin in the 10th century.
· Merchants more involve in trade ~ life depend on using local consumption.
· Banking was introduced into the West, leading to money spreading
· Gains in agricultural results in urban growth such as manufacturing and commercial activities.
S / MI: The society in Western Europe was mainly about Feudalism, women status, and the development of guilds.
· Pope was the highest, bishops’ head of regional churches.
· Feudalism
Ø The level of different social classes ~ a system of military and political.
Ø Lords given protection to lower classes.
Ø Vassals- lower class of the lord and owe military services.
Ø Serf- lower class of vassals and have to pay taxes
· Serfs
o Living on manors.
o Agricultural workers
o Receives protection and administration of justice from landlords for return they give goods to their landlords for using their lands.
o Needs military force from landlords
o Labors
o Agricultural equipment was limited and production was low.
o Able to escape landlords’ control.
· Peasants were able to become free farmers.
· Landlords still taxes the serfs even though they are gaining freedom.
· Women
Ø Christians- equality of all souls
Ø West contains higher status than the ones in Islam (Muslims)
Ø Less in household.
Ø Less segregation in religious services
Ø Middle Ages- Women’s voice declined.
Ø Play roles in commerce and part of craft guild.
Ø Still in the male-dominated organization.
· Guild were form
Ø Group of people in a single city that in the same trade/business.
Ø Give members a share in any endeavor
Ø Limit membership allowing all members to work
Ø Members profits are equally
Ø Stresses security and mutual control.
Ø Play major political and social role in cities.
P / MI: When manorialism still existed, Holy Roman Emperors takes over and political begin to change in the Western Europe.
· Manorialism- System of economic and political relations between landlord and peasant laborers.
Ø Vassals
o Provide lord with loyalty and army.
o Lands were given by lords.
Ø Serfs
Ø Strengthened by decline of trade and lack of larger political structures.
· Holy Roman emperors- begin in the 10th century and merging Christian/ classical claims.
· Magna Carta created and the lords force King John to sign it in 1215
Ø Feudal rights against monarchial claims.
Ø Limit power for monarch
Ø Democratic aspect.
Ø Parliament was created in the late 13th century.
Ø Three estates
o Church, nobles, and urban leaders.
· Italy became more divided
· Spain control by Muslims
· Clovis- converted to Christianity ~ 496 C.E
Ø Gain greater prestige over pagan.
Ø Took over Franks.
Ø Strengthen beliefs by Western religious leaders.
· Charles Martel- founder of Carolingians
Ø Defeated Muslims in battle of Tours in 732.
Ø Preserved Europe for Christianity.
Ø Carolingians took over monarchy later on.
Ø Charlemagne was another ruler of Carolingians (refer back to economic).
· Trading growth and banking brought profits into the west.
· William took feudalism to England in 1066 and people started seeing estates and nation-states.
I / MI: Vikings, William the Conqueror, and the Crusades were seeking for expansion in the West.
· Vikings cause raids, but ended after the conversion to Christianity when they have settle down.
· William the Conqueror
Ø Conquer England
Ø Introduce feudalism in England
Ø Ties England’s lords to royal court by bonds of loyalty
· Crusades
Ø Christians Holy lands were regained from Muslims.
Ø First Crusades was called by Urban II.
o Rich lands and goods were conquered.
· Hundred Year War has lead to regional political stability
· Trade develops among Italy, Germany, Low Countries, France, and Britain.
R / MI: In the Western Europe, different beliefs were brought upon by Peter Abelard and Bernard of Clairvaux.
· Christian Church has gain more power.
Ø Papal missionaries has bring past boundaries of the old Roman Empire.
· Peter Abelard in Paris move logical tradition to a new level
Ø Logic
Ø Wrote treatise called “Yes and No”
· Bernard of Clairvaux
Ø Monk, challenge Abelard.
Ø Stress mystical union with God
Ø Believe reason is dangerous and God’s truth must be received through faith alone.
I / MI: New learning was taught to the Western Europe.
· Scholasticism helps master past learning and organizing logical.
· Thomas Aquinas blends knowledge and faith.
· Monasteries improved land cultivation, provide education, promote literacy.
· New languages were form, French and English
T / MI: Different technologies develop such as the moldboard and gothic.
· Moldboard – curved iron plate was introduced into agricultural life allowing deeper turning of soil.
· Gothic was use for Cathedrals and other architectures.