Xiii. Area of Operation: Emergency Operations

XIII. AREA OF OPERATION: EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

NOTE: The examiner must select at least TASKS A and B.

Table of Contents

PTS Standard 3

EMERGENCY APPROACH AND LANDING (SIMULATED) (ASEL and ASES) 5

SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS (ASEL and ASES) 7

EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR (ASEL and ASES) 8

EMERGENCY DESCENT (ASEL and ASES) 9

*Only the ASEL sections are applicable to the CFI ASEL rating.

PTS Standard

XIII. AREA OF OPERATION: EMERGENCY OPERATIONS

NOTE: The examiner must select at least TASKS A and B.

A. TASK: EMERGENCY APPROACH AND LANDING (SIMULATED) (ASEL and ASES)

NOTE: The examiner must NOT simulate a power failure by placing the fuel selector to the “off” position or by placing the mixture control in the “idle-cutoff” position. No simulated emergency approach is to be continued below 500 feet AGL, unless over an area where a safe landing can be accomplished in compliance with 14 CFR section 91.119.

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant:

1.  Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to an emergency approach and landing by describing—

a.  prompt establishment of the best glide airspeed and the recommended configuration.

b.  how to select a suitable emergency landing area.

c.  planning and execution of approach to the selected landing area.

d.  use of emergency checklist.

e.  importance of attempting to determine reason for the malfunction.

f.  importance of dividing attention between flying the approach and accomplishing emergency checklist.

g.  procedures that can be used to compensate for under-shooting or overshooting selected emergency landing area.

2.  Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to an emergency approach and landing by describing—

a.  improper airspeed control.

b.  poor judgment in the selection of an emergency landing area.

c.  failure to estimate the approximate wind speed and direction.

d.  failure to fly the most suitable pattern for existing situation.

e.  failure to accomplish the emergency checklist.

f.  undershooting or overshooting selected emergency landing area.

3.  Demonstrates and simultaneously explains an emergency approach with a simulated engine failure from an instructional standpoint.

4.  Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to an emergency approach with a simulated engine failure.

B. TASK: SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS (ASEL and ASES)

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

NOTE: The examiner must not simulate a system or equipment malfunction in a manner that may jeopardize safe flight or result in possible damage to the airplane.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of at least five (5) of the equipment malfunctions, appropriate to the airplane used for the practical test by describing recommended pilot action for:

1.  Smoke, fire, or both, during ground or flight operations.

2.  Rough running engine or partial power loss.

3.  Loss of engine oil pressure.

4.  Fuel starvation.

5.  Engine overheat.

6.  Hydraulic malfunction.

7.  Electrical malfunction.

8.  Carburetor or induction icing.

9.  Door or window opening in flight.

10.  Inoperative or “runaway” trim.

11.  Landing gear or flap malfunction.

12.  Pressurization malfunction.

C. TASK: EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR (ASEL and ASES)

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to emergency equipment and survival gear appropriate to the airplane used for the practical test by describing:

1.  Equipment and gear appropriate for operation in various climates, over various types of terrain, and over water.

2.  Purpose, method of operation or use, servicing and storage of appropriate equipment.

D. TASK: EMERGENCY DESCENT) (ASEL and ASES)

REFERENCES: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-S-8081-12, FAA-S-8081-14; POH/AFM.

Objective. To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements related to emergency descents appropriate to the airplane flown by:

1.  Exhibiting instructional knowledge of the elements related to an emergency descent by describing—

a.  situations that require an emergency descent.

b.  proper use of the prescribed emergency checklist to verify accomplishment of procedures before initiating and during the emergency descent.

c.  proper use of clearing procedures before initiating and during the emergency descent.

d.  procedures for recovering from an emergency descent.

e.  manufacturer’s procedures.

2.  Exhibiting instructional knowledge of common errors related to an emergency descent by describing—

a.  the consequences of failing to identify reason for executing an emergency descent.

b.  improper use of the prescribed emergency checklist to verify accomplishment of procedures for initiating the emergency descent.

c.  improper use of clearing procedures for initiating the emergency descent.

d.  improper procedures for recovering from an emergency descent.

3.  Demonstrates and simultaneously explains emergency decents from an instructional standpoint.

4.  Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to emergency decents.

EMERGENCY APPROACH AND LANDING (SIMULATED) (ASEL and ASES)

Objective:

To instill in the student the knowledge that almost any terrain can be considered “suitable” for a survivable crash landing if the pilot knows how to use the airplane structure for self-protection and the protection of passengers.

Before Flight:

·  Types of Emergency Landings:

o  Forced

o  Precautionary

o  Ditching

·  Psychological Hazards

o  Reluctance to accept the emergency situation

o  Desire to save the airplane

o  Fear turning to panic

·  Basic Safety Concepts

o  General

§  Use dispensable aircraft structure to absorb force

§  Use man-made and natural structures to absorb force

o  Touch down at lowest possible speed

o  Altitude/Sink rate control

o  Terrain selection

o  Airplane configuration

o  Approach

o  Terrain Types

o  Cover emergency procedures for specific aircraft

Maneuver Elements:

·  Clear the area

·  Choose forced landing area (your outside reference): choose a field and stick with it; best choice may be behind you

·  Configure aircraft: no flaps, gear extended, carburetor heat on, throttle to idle, establish and maintain best glide speed or 1.4 VSO

·  Engine out checklist: carburetor heat on, fuel selector both, mixture rich, auxiliary fuel pump on (if pressure < 0.5 psi), primer in and locked, cowl flaps closed

·  Simulated: squawk 7700, mayday on 121.5

·  Clear engine using brief applications of power

·  Forced landing checklist (simulated): mixture cutoff, fuel valve off, gear down, ignition off, unlatch doors, master off when landing assured

·  Maneuver as necessary to reach key point on base

·  When landing assured, gear up if terrain is rough or soft else gear down

·  Flaps and slip as necessary to reach aiming point

·  Maintain ball centered

·  Look for traffic

Aircraft Setup:

Flaps up, gear down, propeller high RPM

1.4 VSO: (C172RG: 75 KIAS 0º Flaps)

References:

Airplane Flying Handbook - Chapter 16

Aircraft Flight Manual / Pilot’s Operating Handbook

Completion Standards:

The lesson is complete when the student demonstrates knowledge through a written or oral exam and is able to perform emergency approaches and landings to the satisfaction of the instructor and in accordance with the current Practical Test Standards for the student’s stage of training.

SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT MALFUNCTIONS (ASEL and ASES)

Objective:

To instill in the student the proper techniques and procedures for dealing with malfunctions of any systems or equipment on board the aircraft

Before Flight:

·  Cover all emergency procedures in Section 3 of AFM/POH

·  Flight instrument system malfunctions

·  Practice systems failures in simulator

Maneuver Elements:

·  Instructor will simulate failure or malfunction of systems or equipment

·  Student identify situation and perform emergency procedures for each selected emergency situation as detailed by the instructor

Aircraft Setup:

As required

References:

Airplane Flying Handbook - Chapter 16

Aircraft Flight Manual / Pilot’s Operating Handbook

Completion Standards:

The lesson is complete when the instructor determines that the student knows the proper emergency procedures involved in flying his aircraft and can execute those procedures promptly and correctly by giving an oral or written exam and by simulating emergencies during flight.

EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT AND SURVIVAL GEAR (ASEL and ASES)

Objective:

To familiarize the student with emergency equipment and survival gear that is required by the FARs and that he may encounter while flying.

Content:

·  Survival equipment for over-water operations (91.509)

·  Standard emergency equipment (91.513)

·  Hand fire extinguishers

·  First aid kits

·  Crash axe if over 19 passengers

·  Megaphone if over 60 passengers

References:

14 CFR Part 91.509

14 CFR Part 91.513

Completion Standards:

The lesson is complete when the instructor determines that the student has adequate knowledge of emergency equipment and survival gear by giving an oral or written exam.

EMERGENCY DESCENT (ASEL and ASES)

Objective:

To develop the student's accuracy, judgment, planning, technique, and confidence in an emergency descent.

Content:

·  Elements related to an emergency descent.

·  Recognize the urgency of an emergency descent.

·  Prompt establishment of the recommended emergency descent configuration and airspeed, and maintains that airspeed, ±5 knots.

·  Use of emergency checklist.

·  Demonstrate orientation, division of attention, and proper planning.

Maneuver Elements:

·  Clear the area

·  Choose forced landing area (your outside reference): choose a field and stick with it; best choice may be behind you

·  Configure aircraft: full flaps, gear extended, carburetor heat on, throttle to idle, propeller high RPM

·  Simulated: squawk 7700, mayday on 121.5

·  Clear engine using brief applications of power to stop excessive cooling

·  Begin descent at highest practical airspeed for the situation

·  In case of engine fire, use high speed descent

·  Low speed descent places less stress on the airframe

·  Recover by smoothly returning to level flight

·  Maintain ball centered

·  Look for traffic

Aircraft Setup:

Flaps down, gear down, propeller high RPM, altitude > 5000’ AGL

Va: (C172RG: 106 KIAS at MGW)

Vfe: (C172RG: 100 KIAS)

Vle: (C172RG: 140 KIAS)

Things to Avoid (Common Errors):

·  Failure to recognize the urgency of the emergency descent.

·  Failure to use proper emergency checklist for situation.

·  Failure to maintain appropriate configuration and airspeed.

·  Poor orientation, planning, and division of attention.

References:

Airplane Flying Handbook, Chapter 16

Completion Standards:

The lesson is complete when the student demonstrates knowledge through a written or oral exam and is able to perform emergency descents to the satisfaction of the instructor and in accordance with the current Practical Test Standards for the student’s stage of training.

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