SECTION A: THE CASE FOR CLIMATE-SMART
The section will contain one summary page and two modules:
Module 1: Why climate-smart agriculture, forestry and fisheries?
Module 2: Planning for Climate-Smart Landscape and Production Systems.
Module 1: Why Climate-Smart Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries?
Lead Authors: Alexandre Meybeck/Vincent Gitz
Contributors: Richie Ahuja, Roberto Assad (to be confirmed), Kevern Cochrane, Anette Engelund Friis, Elwyn Grainger-Jones, Hsin Huang, Dr Kim, Atta-Krah Kwesi , James Lomax, Dr B Mantlana, Hayden Montgomery, Lucia Perugini, Dipti Thapa.
Reviewers: Theodor Friedrich (FAO), Ademola Braimoh (WB), Linda Collette (FAO); Isabelle Coche ()(R); Tracy Gerstle () (R); Stephen Twomlow ()(R); Sheila Mwanundu ()(R)
Number of pages: Approximately 20 pages of text + graphics.
Target audience: Module will provide general overview for all stakeholders using the sourcebook (from the practitioner to the policy maker).
Note to authors: None
Narrative: Agriculture has to address simultaneously three intertwined challenges: ensure food security, through increased productivity and income, adapt to climate change and contribute to mitigate climate change. Addressing these challenges will requires radical changes of food systems. It is precisely to designate these changes that FAO has forged the concept of “Climate Smart Agriculture” (CSA), as a way forward for food security in a changing climate. CSA aims to improve food security, adapt to CC and contribute to mitigate CC by adopting appropriate practices, develop enabling policies and institutions and mobilizing needed finances.
Draft outline of module:
1. 3 major challenges
1.1Improve food security
1.1.1 Situation of food security:
1.1.2 Projections of global demand
1.2Adapt to climate change
1.2.1 Major changes
1.2.2 Impacts on crops
1.2.3 Impacts on livestock
1.2.4 Impacts on fisheries and aquaculture.
1.2.5 Impacts on wild foods
1.2.6 Need to adapt
1.2.7 Global imbalances
1.3Contribute to mitigate climate change
1.3.1 Need for a global approach, including deforestation and whole food systems
1.3.2 Main sources
1.3.3 Two ways to mitigate
(There are two ways to mitigate to keep with food security objective. First, to decorrelate production growth from emissions growth. This implies reduced emissions per kg of output (and in this calculation, we can include the effects in reduced deforestation). Second, enhance soil carbon sinks, agriculture being a unique sector in that, with forestry, it can capture CO2 and store it in biomass and soil, acting as a “sink”.)
2.CSA, 3 challenges, a comprehensive answer: towards more efficient and resilient food systems
2.1Efficiency and resilience
2.1.1Efficiency
2.1.2 Resilience
2.1.3 Interrelations between efficiency and resilience
2.1.4 Efficiency and resilience at scale
2.2In practice
2.2.1 Crop systems
2.2.2 Livestock systems
2.2.3 Food chains
3.Increase systemic efficiency and resilience: policies, institutions finances
3.1 Risk management
3.2 Enabling farmers to change
3.3 Need for investment
4.What’s new with CSA?
4.1 Sustainable intensification of crop production
4.2 Four dimensions of food security
4.3 Environmental issues: water, land, biodiversity, resources
4.4 Sustainable development and Green Economy
4.5 Sustainable diets
5.Focus of the source book

Above will give a short overview of each topic and then refer the reader to the relevant module.

Place holder: impact of CC on different ecosystems relevant for the ag sectors (from CBD) then reference out to 12.

Placeholder: Sandro Dernini (FAO - AGND) Inputs on sustainable diets and nutrition.

MODULE 2: PLANNING FOR CLIMATE-SMART LANDSCAPESAND PRODUCTION SYSTEMS.
Lead Author: CBD/UNEP
Contributing authors: David Cooper (CBD), David Coates (CBD), Barbara Gemmell-Herra (FAO), Sara Scherr (EcoAgriculture Partners), Nik Tyack/Luigi Guarino (GCDT), Muhammad Ibrahim (CATIE), Zhijun Chen (FAO), Anne Bogdanski (FAO), Sunae Kim (FAO), Catharine Zanev (WFP), Dipti Thapa (WB),Barbara Herren (FAO/AGPM),Peter Dewees (WB), Francois LeGall (WB), Theodor Friedrich (FAO)(R), Tom Goddard (), Amir Kassam (); Stephen Twomlow ()(R); Sheila Mwanundu ()(R); Kimanh TempelmanMezzera (FAO NRDC)
Coordinators: Marja-LiisaTapio-Bistrom/Lisen Runsten
Number of pages: Approximately 15 to 20 pages + graphics + 2 or 3 case studies.
Target audience: Planners at the national and local scale
Note to authors: There will be a need to cross check with section B how ecosystem services (e.g. water resources, pollinators, etc.) will be addressed in the two sections.
Module 2 is targeted to local, regional and national planners, and aims to do the following:
(1)Outline the conceptual and practical rationale for ecosystem management of natural resources, and how, when applied in planning processes for land/resource-use, it can contribute to the objectives of CSA[1], including:
  • The need to manage for ecosystem resilience to maintain and enhance long-term productivity and climate change adaptation
  • Continued provisioning of the range of ecosystems services, and biodiversity
  • Consideration of the needs of the whole spectrum of land uses and stakeholders
  • Participatory approaches for empowerment of local stakeholders and cross-sectoral engagement
  • Adaptive management
  • Planning for diversity to manage risk (note – a separate module covers DRM)
(2)Expand on how to manage a landscape/watershed for multiple objectives1 and deal with synergies and trade-offs among them – addressing the objectives on different spatial scales, avoiding leakage
(3)Consider the need for monitoring (what is measured and watched, improves) – how can we recognize whether a production system is moving towards climate-smart?
(4)Set the scene for landscape level and systems thinking in the rest of the publication – how the extension worker and policy maker can apply the principles of ecosystem management
(5)Case studies showing these elements pulled together
Example guiding questions
  • How will taking an ecosystem approach help achieve the multiple objectives of CSA?
  • Setting the objectives of CSA as the goal, how can principles for ecosystem management, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable land and water management be applied in land use planning?
  • Which stakeholder groups, land uses and ecosystem services and functions need to be considered in a landscape approach to promote CSA? How to ensure the empowerment and full participation of the local communities and land /resource users?
  • Given trade-offs and synergies among the objectives of CSA, to what extent can they be realized on different planning scales?
  • How has planning for resilient landscapes worked in practice in different settings?
  • From the perspective of planning and implementing CSA through a landscape approach, what are key institutional/policy/financing requirements? What is the economic case for taking a landscape approach?
Draft key messages
  • Achieving the multiple objectives of CSA will require consideration of synergies and trade-offs, and therefore planning on the landscape level (farm to watershed).
  • The principles of ecosystem management, and good practices in sustainable land and water management, if implemented, will help to achieve CSA.
  • Managing for biodiversity and continued delivery of ecosystem services is key for long term resilience of ecosystems, sustainable production landscapes and climate change adaptation
  • Landscape level planning will facilitate – and necessitate – the organization of multi-stakeholder/multi-sectoral processes.
  • Landscape planning can link natural resource managers and community concerns and actions with regional/national/global processes and policies, such as markets and other economic aspects.
  • It is possible to build upon existing rich institutional experience, adding climate elements.
Proposed contributors
CBD and/or UNEP: rationale for ecosystem management and what it means for CSA – requirements and what it can achieve. Discussion on cross-sectoral cooperation. Institutional/policy/financing requirements for achieving CSA under a landscape approach. Local level empowerment and participation , governance by people and for people.
Additional components of outline – proposed
  • Rationale for CS landscapes
  • Impacts of farmers on resilience of watersheds, biodiversity (including genetic resources), pollination, carbon storage (link module 3)
  • Benefits to farmers: resilience/adaptation of ES management
  • Disaster risk management (this should also include how land/water management by agriculture etc. can contribute to risk reduction beyond agricultural systems) (link to module 9)
  • Urban/peri-urban dependence on rural ecosystems
  • Manage trade-offs more efficiently
  • Diversified incomes
  • Spatial synergies
  • Implementation
  • Food security
  • Water security
  • Scale issues for planning
  • Principles for CS landscapes.
  • Multiple components contribute to food security, diversification of land uses and livelihoods, and promotion of the full range of ecosystem services
  • Promote more integrated systems.
  • Diversity for risk management (income, pest management, water related risks).
  • Illustrate range of ecosystems/agro-ecosystems with different challenges & climate risks: & action priorities.
  • Case studies
  • Sustainable land management for poverty, resilience, mitigation, including soil and water management.
  • Good governance and capacities.
  • Mechanisms for cross-sectoral engagement.
  • Avoid leakage.
  • Rely on ecosystems for inputs (relate to the management of ecosystem services).
  • Holistic approach human/natural/et al. (ecosystem approach).
  • Challenges to approach.
  • Implementation guidance (incl. disaster mgt.).
  • Introduction to the How (most in section3 – policies, financing & institutions including cross-sectoral coordination).
  • Integrating elements for climate-smart landscapes (from Section 2).
  • Economic case for landscape scale action.
  • Case studies showing elements being pulled together.
  • Inclusive GHG budgets, resilience indicators, productivity, food security.
  • Show how to reflect principles.
  • Implications for national, transboundary, intergovernmental policy.
Notes: . We may need a shift in concepts of landscapes for planning purposes and consider new tools. How can we do things quickly and cheaply? How can these systems be used for both planning and monitoring?
Remember that landscapes are primarily thought of in a biophysical manner but for the purposes of CSA we may need to have the economic and social components as well.

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[1]Sustainableproductivity increases; building resilience to climate variability and change; climate change mitigation in order to enhance the achievement of national food security and development goals.