Second Session of EC AG DPM - Ref.2 Annex 1

WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
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EXECUTIVE COUNCIL ADVISORY GROUP ON DISASTER PREVENTION & MITIGATION
SECOND SESSION
GENEVA, 29 - 31 JANUARY 2007 / EC AG DPM 2 / Ref.2 Annex.1
(19.I.07)
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Original: ENGLISH ONLY

ANALYSIS OF CAPACITIES, GAPS AND NEEDS OF NMHSs IN SUPPORT OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION: PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE COUNTRY- LEVEL DPM SURVEY

  1. The Country-level DPM survey was launched to the 187 WMO Members in March 2006 to benchmark national disaster risk reduction (DRR) governance and organizational structure, relevant hazards, National Meteorological and Hydrological Services’ (NMHSs) capabilities and partnerships, as well as their major gaps and needs to support DRR decision processes. Annex 1 summarizes the response rate to the survey for different country groupings: global, developing countries, least developed countries (LDCs), and the six WMO regions.

Preliminary Results of the Global Analysis

  1. The preliminary analysis indicate that severe winds, all types of floods, thunderstorm and lightning, drought, forest and wild land fires, earthquakes, heat waves landslides and mudslides, hailstorm and aviation hazards are among the top ten hazards of concern, among the 139 countries who responded to the survey. However, prioritisation of these hazards at the regional and sub-regional levels highlights certain hazards as critical especially of concern in different regions (Annex 2).
  2. With respect to the governance and legislative processes for DRR, in most countries the National DRR plans focus on post disaster response, and thus, the benefits of NMHSs role and contributions to reduction of impacts of disasters through prevention and preparedness are not well understood at the ministerial level. Furthermore, in many developed and developing countries, products and services of NMHSs including hazard information and analysis, early warnings, and other meteorological services need to be better integrated in the disaster risk management processes from prevention and planning to post-disaster relief operations. To this end, mainstreaming of the NMHSs as part of the national disaster and development planning and strengthening/establishment of partnerships with the DRR agencies is indicated as a high priority.
  3. With regards to the high priority hazards, of the number of respondents (varies by hazard), 92/110 maintain strong wind, 85/103 thunderstorm and lightning, 88/97drought and 68/81 heat wave, 60/70 hailstorms and nearly 65/76 flood databases (Annex 3). These numbers drop significantly for hazards including forest and wild land fires, earthquakes, landslides and mudslides, but significantly less number of countries are maintaining these databases on a standardized basis including metadata. Nearly 75% of the respondents indicated that there is an official agency other than the NMHS responsible for maintaining disaster loss information, less than 10% of the NMHSs responding to the survey maintain impact data (loss of life, economic loss, no. of people affected). Globally, nearly 130 of the respondents (80 of developing countries, 22 of LDCs, who responded to the survey) consider lack of appropriate observing networks, ability to maintain them and capacities for maintaining databases, as major limitations in their ability to contribute to DRR. Over 90% of respondents identified the need for strengthening their capacities for maintaining standardized hazard databases, providing hazard mapping and analysis in support of risk assessment and risk management applications a high priority area to enhance NMHSs’ contributions to DRR.
  4. An analysis of the linkages of the NMHSs with regards to providing products and services for economic sectors relevant to DRR, are summarized in (Annex 4). Of the total respondents globally, only 39% contribute to development and housing, and 45% to land-use planning. It is important to note that in the majority of countries hydrometeorological risk assessment is not mainstreamed in development and land-use planning. However, under the new paradigm of disaster risk reduction, this is expected to change, thus, providing an opportunity for the NMHSs to strengthen their contributions to other economic sectors through contribution to risk assessment by providing hazard data, mapping and analysis and technical advice.
  5. Of the 139 respondents, 52 countries have combined National Meteorological and Hydrological Services. Of the remaining 83, in 44 countries there is some level of collaboration between the two agencies, particularly related to issuance of warnings. With regards to the warning services, depending on the types of hazards, the National Meteorological Service (NMS), National Hydrological Service (NHS) or the combined services issue warnings (Annex 5). However, 119 of 128 respondents (92%) indicated the need for strengthening of the technical operational forecasting and warning capacities and 50% stressed the need for strengthening of the partnerships with agencies involved in DRR, for development and integration of effective products and services for preparedness and emergency response actions. Furthermore, 100 of 130 respondents, 76% (71 of 81 respondents from developing countries, 88%; and 22 of 24 respondents from LDCs countries, 92%) have stressed the need for strengthening the collaboration and coordination with WMO Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers (RSMCs). 74 of the 83 respondents with separate NMHS and NHS indicated the need for strengthening of the coordination and collaboration of NMS and NHS for delivery of enhanced joint warning products. Finally, in regards to the integration of warnings in emergency preparedness and response operations, 106 of 126 respondents stressed that a lack of nationally accepted “readiness Levels” linking warning information with actions, was a major limiting factor in effectiveness of contributions of NMHSs in DRR.
  6. With regards to education and training of the NMHSs and joint training with their stakeholders in DRR (e.g., ministerial level, DRR authorities, emergency response operators and media), globally nearly 56% (72% of developing countries and 96%of LDC respondents) indicated forecasters’ technical training as a limiting factor. Globally 87% of the respondents (92 % of developing countries and 92%of LDC respondents stressed lack of educational and joint training programmes between NMHSs as their stakeholders as a limiting factor in effectiveness of their contributions to DRR.
  7. Finally, Globally 83% of the respondents (for developing countries 87 % and for LDCs 96% of the respondents) stressed lack of public understanding and awareness is a limiting factor in effectiveness of contributions of NMHSs to DRR.

Preliminary Results of the Regional Analysis

RA I (Africa)

  1. Hazards that are most common in Africa are drought, strong winds, thunderstorm or lightning, flooding, aviation hazards, smoke, dust or haze, and locust swarms. Underline differences between Region I and the global hazard analysis are inclusion of drought and locust swarms as the most pervasive hazards for the region. The outcomes of the country-level survey results reveals that understanding at the ministerial level of the socio-economic benefits of hydro-meteorological products and services and Operational forecasting and warning services as being significant limiting factors in the countries disaster risk reduction efforts. Additionally, limiting factors identified through the survey include the lack of operational forecasting and warning services, joint training between NMHS staff and disaster risk managers, educational modules that NMHSs could target at Media, Public, disaster risk reduction authorities. Strong need for strengthening of WMO Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres and regional cooperation are critical to strengthening NMHSs capacities in support of disaster risk reduction in RA I.

RA II (Asia)

  1. The hazard analysis for Asia identified Hazards: Strong winds, Thunderstorm or lightning, Drought, floods, Heat wave, Aviation hazards, Earthquakes, Dense fog, Hailstorm, Sandstorm, Landslide or mudslide, Tropical cyclone as being the most pervasive. Aviation hazards, dense fog, sandstorms and tropical cyclones are the main differences from the global analysis. The survey results for Asia revealed that the lack of operational forecasting and warning services and resources and infrastructure limitations are significant factors in limiting the regions efforts in disaster risk reduction. Additionally, the lack of understanding at the ministerial level of the socio-economic benefits of hydro-meteorological products and services, operational forecasting and warning services, readiness level system to ensure appropriate response by authorities to the levels of information issued by NMHSs, collaboration and coordination with the WMO Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres are limiting factors to disaster risk reduction.

RA III (South America)

  1. Hazards that are more pervasive in South America, as indicated from the survey, include River flooding, Strong winds, Flash flood, Thunderstorm or lightning, Drought, Forest or wild land fire, Hailstorm, Earthquakes, Landslide or mudslide which is similar with the global analysis. An analysis of the region in respect to the limiting factors to for effective disaster risk management shows that there needs to be improvement in coordination with neighbouring or adjacent countries, observing networks for hydro-meteorological conditions, operational forecasting and warning services, understanding at the ministerial level of the socio-economic benefits of hydro-meteorological products and services and value-added services of the National Meteorological and Hydrological Service in support of hydro-meteorological risk assessment. Additionally, resources for the maintenance of the observing networks, Joint training between NMHS staff and emergency authorities and managers, Educational modules that NMHSs could target at Media, Public, disaster risk reduction authorities, Public understanding of the effects of hazards, Public understanding of warnings are limiting factors to the regions disaster risk reduction effort.

RA IV (North and Central America and the Caribbean)

  1. North America, Central America and the Caribbean region identified tropical cyclones, drought, flash floods, thunderstorms or lightning, landslides or mudslides, river flooding, earthquakes, Coastal flooding, Strong winds, Storm surge as being the most predominate hazards. The hazards tropical cyclones, coastal flooding and storm surge are the main difference to the global hazard analysis. Analysis of the survey results also revealed that the lack of operational forecasting and warning services, understanding at the ministerial level of the socio-economic benefits of hydrometeorological products and services, value-added services of the National Meteorological and Hydrological Service in support of hydrometeorological risk assessment, resources and infrastructure limitations, and technical coordination to produce enhanced joint products and services as being the limiting factors to effective disaster risk reduction efforts in the region. Additionally, the lack of resources for the maintenance of the observing networks, operational forecasting and warning services, readiness level system to ensure appropriate response by authorities to the levels of information issued by NMHSs, coordination with neighboring or adjacent countries and educational modules that NMHSs could target at Media, Public, disaster risk reduction authorities limit the regions contributions to disaster risk reduction.

RA V (Oceania)

  1. The South-West Pacific region identified Strong winds, Tropical cyclone, Flash flood, Thunderstorm or lightning, Drought, Coastal flooding, Storm surge, River flooding, Tsunami, Landslide or mudslide, as being the most pervasive hazards with Tropical cyclone, Coastal flooding, Storm surge and Tsunami being the main differences from the global analysis. The regional analysis identified that value-added services of the National Meteorological and Hydrological Service in support of hydro-meteorological risk assessment, operational forecasting and warning services, resources and infrastructure limitations, technical coordination to produce enhanced joint products and services and understanding at the ministerial level of the socio-economic benefits of hydro-meteorological products and services limit the regions disaster risk reduction efforts. Additionally the lack of value-added services in support of hydro-meteorological risk assessment, operational forecasting and warning services, educational modules that NMHSs could target at Media, Public, disaster risk reduction authorities, public understanding of the effects of hazards and the public understanding of warnings hinder the regions disaster risk reduction efforts.

RA VI (Europe)

  1. The analysis of hazards from the Country-level survey indicates that the most pervasive hazards affecting Europe are: Strong winds, River flooding, Heavy snow, Flash flood, Heat wave, Thunderstorm or lightning, Hailstorm, Freezing rain, Cold wave, Drought, Dense fog. Differences from the global analysis include heavy snow, freezing rain, cold wave and dense fog as being more pervasive. The survey indicated that the lack of understanding at the ministerial level of the socio-economic benefits of hydro-meteorological products and services, Visibility and recognition of NMHSs within the Government, technical coordination to produce enhanced joint products and services, resources and infrastructure limitations limit the regions disaster risk reduction efforts. Additionally, the survey indicated that the lack of operational forecasting and warning services, value-added services in support of hydro-meteorological risk assessment, coordination with neighbouring or adjacent countries hinder disaster risk reduction in the region.

Global and Regional summary

  1. A comparison of preliminary regional results of the Country-level Surveys, confirm the same gaps and needs for strengthening of NMHSs capacities in support of DRR. However, from region to region, depending on the characteristics, and capacities, the ranking of these priorities may vary (please refer to Annexes 6 through 11). Also, at the regional level, list of priority hazards varies. For example in Africa (RA I), a comparison of results with global results indicates that in addition to strong winds, thunderstorm & lighting, floods, forest and wild land fires, hazards to aviation and earthquakes, droughts, locust swarms, smoke dust and haze, and dense fog are among the high priority hazards posing risk.
  2. Annexes 11 and 12 outline factors limiting the contributions of NMHSs to DRR and areas where support from WMO could lead to strengthening of DRR capacities through capacity development of NMHSs.
  3. A more detailed analysis of the Country-level survey at regional and sub-regional levels (as appropriate) is being carried out in collaboration with the RA DPM WGs and the outcomes will be provided to them in support of their efforts for development of the Regional Associations strategies in support of DRR and identification of project areas most relevant to the region.
Annex 1 – Response Rate to Country-Level DPM Surveys
Scope / Number of surveys received / Total number of Members / % Response
Global (WMO Members) / 139 / 187 / 74%
Developing countries / 85 / 137 / 62%
Least Developed countries / 25 / 50 / 50%
Africa (RA I) / 28 / 52 / 54%
Asia (RA II) / 25 / 34 / 74%
South America (RA III) / 10 / 12 / 83%
North America, Central America and the Caribbean (RA IV) / 18 / 22 / 82%
South-West Pacific (RA V) / 14 / 19 / 74%
Europe (RA VI) / 44 / 48 / 92%

Annex 2 – Ranking of Hazards Based on Country-level DPM Survey Response

Hazard / Global
139 /187 / Developing Countries
85 / 137 / LDC
25 / 50 / RA I
(Africa)
28 / 52 / RA II
(Asia)
25 / 34 / RA III (South America)
10 / 12 / RA IV
(North America, Central America and the Caribbean)
18 / 22 / RA V
(South-West Pacific)
14 / 19 / RA VI
(Europe)
44 / 48
Strong winds / 119 / 70 / 20 / 23 / 19 / 9 / 11 / 14 / 43
Flash flood / 105 / 67 / 16 / 21 / 15 / 9 / 15 / 12 / 33
Thunderstorm or lightning / 103 / 68 / 20 / 23 / 17 / 8 / 14 / 11 / 30
Drought / 101 / 70 / 20 / 24 / 16 / 8 / 16 / 10 / 27
River flooding / 101 / 59 / 18 / 20 / 13 / 10 / 13 / 9 / 36
Forest or wild land fire / 81 / 52 / 13 / 21 / 10 / 8 / 10 / 7 / 25
Earthquakes / 75 / 48 / 13 / 13 / 14 / 6 / 13 / 7 / 22
Heat wave / 72 / 37 / 12 / 12 / 15 / 3 / 7 / 4 / 31
Landslide or mudslide / 70 / 44 / 10 / 10 / 11 / 6 / 14 / 8 / 21
Hailstorm / 69 / 38 / 9 / 11 / 12 / 7 / 5 / 5 / 29
Aviation hazards / 67 / 42 / 11 / 14 / 14 / 5 / 7 / 5 / 22
Dense fog / 62 / 35 / 7 / 13 / 12 / 5 / 3 / 2 / 27
Coastal flooding / 56 / 39 / 9 / 10 / 7 / 5 / 12 / 10 / 12
Tropical cyclone / 56 / 44 / 12 / 8 / 11 / 3 / 17 / 13 / 4
Heavy snow / 53 / 13 / 3 / 8 / 4 / 1 / 1 / 36
Cold wave / 52 / 23 / 3 / 6 / 9 / 5 / 4 / 28
Smoke, Dust or Haze / 50 / 36 / 9 / 14 / 10 / 2 / 7 / 5 / 12
Storm surge / 48 / 28 / 6 / 3 / 7 / 2 / 11 / 10 / 15
Waterborne hazards / 47 / 24 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 2 / 4 / 4 / 20
Tornado / 45 / 27 / 6 / 4 / 7 / 5 / 9 / 5 / 15
Marine hazards / 43 / 21 / 4 / 7 / 7 / 2 / 1 / 7 / 19
Avalanche / 36 / 15 / 2 / 6 / 4 / 6 / 1 / 19
Freezing rain / 36 / 7 / 2 / 3 / 2 / 29
Airborne hazardous substances / 35 / 13 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 1 / 3 / 4 / 20
Tsunami / 35 / 28 / 8 / 4 / 10 / 3 / 5 / 9 / 4
Volcanic events / 29 / 22 / 5 / 4 / 1 / 5 / 7 / 7 / 5
Desert locust swarm / 27 / 24 / 9 / 14 / 5 / 3 / 1 / 4
Sandstorm / 27 / 22 / 5 / 9 / 12 / 1 / 5

Annex 3 – Maintenance of Hazard and Impact databases by the NMHSs based on Country-level DPM Survey Responses

Hazard / Categories / Global
139 /187 / Developing Countries
85 / 137 / LDC
25 / 50 / RA I
(Africa)
28 / 52 / RA II
(Asia)
25 / 34 / RA III (South America)
10 / 12 / RA IV
(North America, Central America and the Caribbean)
18 / 22 / RA V
(South-West Pacific)
14 / 19 / RA VI
(Europe)
44 / 48
Strong winds / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 110 / 63 / 17 / 21 / 18 / 7 / 12 / 13 / 39
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 92 / 54 / 14 / 18 / 16 / 7 / 10 / 11 / 30
Includes Loss Life Info / 34 / 23 / 6 / 4 / 9 / 2 / 5 / 9 / 5
Includes Number Affected Info / 27 / 20 / 5 / 4 / 9 / 2 / 4 / 5 / 3
Includes Cost Info / 26 / 17 / 4 / 4 / 8 / 1 / 4 / 4 / 5
Flash flood / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 76 / 45 / 14 / 12 / 14 / 5 / 12 / 9 / 24
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 65 / 36 / 11 / 9 / 10 / 5 / 11 / 9 / 21
Includes Loss Life Info / 37 / 25 / 7 / 5 / 9 / 2 / 9 / 7 / 5
Includes Number Affected Info / 31 / 23 / 7 / 5 / 8 / 2 / 8 / 4 / 4
Includes Cost Info / 28 / 18 / 5 / 4 / 7 / 0 / 6 / 6 / 5
Thunderstorm or lightning / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 103 / 62 / 15 / 20 / 20 / 7 / 11 / 11 / 34
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 85 / 52 / 11 / 17 / 16 / 7 / 10 / 10 / 25
Includes Loss Life Info / 35 / 23 / 4 / 5 / 10 / 3 / 5 / 6 / 6
Includes Number Affected Info / 27 / 20 / 5 / 4 / 9 / 2 / 3 / 5 / 4
Includes Cost Info / 21 / 14 / 3 / 3 / 7 / 1 / 3 / 4 / 3
Drought / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 97 / 59 / 18 / 21 / 17 / 5 / 12 / 11 / 31
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 88 / 53 / 16 / 20 / 15 / 6 / 11 / 10 / 26
Includes Loss Life Info / 27 / 16 / 6 / 4 / 6 / 0 / 6 / 4 / 7
Includes Number Affected Info / 28 / 20 / 7 / 6 / 6 / 2 / 5 / 4 / 5
Includes Cost Info / 29 / 20 / 5 / 4 / 8 / 2 / 6 / 4 / 5
River flooding / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 73 / 39 / 11 / 13 / 13 / 4 / 11 / 5 / 27
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 64 / 34 / 10 / 10 / 12 / 5 / 10 / 4 / 23
Includes Loss Life Info / 38 / 24 / 8 / 4 / 10 / 2 / 9 / 5 / 8
Includes Number Affected Info / 35 / 24 / 8 / 4 / 9 / 2 / 9 / 4 / 7
Includes Cost Info / 33 / 20 / 7 / 4 / 8 / 1 / 7 / 4 / 9
Forest or wild land fire / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 46 / 30 / 8 / 10 / 6 / 6 / 8 / 3 / 13
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 36 / 25 / 8 / 8 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 2 / 8
Includes Loss Life Info / 21 / 14 / 3 / 3 / 3 / 2 / 6 / 2 / 5
Includes Number Affected Info / 23 / 17 / 3 / 3 / 4 / 2 / 7 / 2 / 5
Includes Cost Info / 23 / 17 / 5 / 4 / 5 / 1 / 6 / 2 / 5
Earthquakes / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 49 / 31 / 8 / 4 / 13 / 3 / 8 / 6 / 15
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 41 / 28 / 9 / 4 / 12 / 3 / 8 / 5 / 9
Includes Loss Life Info / 30 / 18 / 5 / 2 / 7 / 3 / 7 / 3 / 8
Includes Number Affected Info / 30 / 21 / 5 / 2 / 8 / 3 / 7 / 4 / 6
Includes Cost Info / 27 / 16 / 5 / 2 / 7 / 1 / 6 / 4 / 7
Heat wave / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 81 / 42 / 10 / 18 / 15 / 5 / 7 / 3 / 33
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 68 / 36 / 8 / 17 / 13 / 5 / 6 / 2 / 25
Includes Loss Life Info / 14 / 7 / 1 / 2 / 5 / 0 / 3 / 0 / 4
Includes Number Affected Info / 15 / 10 / 1 / 3 / 6 / 1 / 2 / 0 / 3
Includes Cost Info / 14 / 8 / 1 / 3 / 5 / 0 / 3 / 0 / 3
Landslide or mudslide / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 45 / 27 / 7 / 4 / 12 / 4 / 9 / 5 / 11
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 37 / 22 / 7 / 3 / 10 / 4 / 8 / 5 / 7
Includes Loss Life Info / 29 / 19 / 5 / 2 / 8 / 2 / 8 / 5 / 4
Includes Number Affected Info / 23 / 17 / 5 / 2 / 6 / 2 / 6 / 5 / 2
Includes Cost Info / 23 / 14 / 5 / 2 / 7 / 0 / 5 / 5 / 4
Hailstorm / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 71 / 34 / 3 / 7 / 16 / 5 / 7 / 5 / 31
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 60 / 27 / 2 / 5 / 12 / 5 / 7 / 5 / 26
Includes Loss Life Info / 19 / 10 / 1 / 1 / 7 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 5
Includes Number Affected Info / 18 / 12 / 2 / 1 / 7 / 3 / 2 / 1 / 4
Includes Cost Info / 16 / 9 / 1 / 1 / 6 / 1 / 3 / 1 / 4
Aviation hazards / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 51 / 29 / 9 / 11 / 13 / 2 / 3 / 3 / 19
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 41 / 23 / 7 / 9 / 10 / 3 / 2 / 3 / 14
Includes Loss Life Info / 11 / 7 / 4 / 3 / 3 / 1 / 2 / 1 / 1
Includes Number Affected Info / 14 / 10 / 4 / 3 / 5 / 1 / 2 / 1 / 2
Includes Cost Info / 13 / 8 / 2 / 1 / 5 / 1 / 3 / 1 / 2
Dense fog / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 70 / 36 / 4 / 15 / 15 / 6 / 1 / 2 / 31
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 58 / 30 / 3 / 12 / 12 / 6 / 1 / 2 / 25
Includes Loss Life Info / 13 / 6 / 0 / 2 / 4 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 5
Includes Number Affected Info / 11 / 7 / 0 / 3 / 4 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 3
Includes Cost Info / 10 / 6 / 0 / 3 / 4 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 2
Coastal flooding / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 48 / 30 / 7 / 4 / 11 / 3 / 10 / 7 / 13
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 36 / 20 / 5 / 2 / 10 / 2 / 6 / 6 / 10
Includes Loss Life Info / 18 / 10 / 3 / 1 / 5 / 1 / 4 / 4 / 3
Includes Number Affected Info / 16 / 11 / 4 / 1 / 5 / 1 / 3 / 5 / 1
Includes Cost Info / 17 / 10 / 2 / 1 / 5 / 0 / 4 / 5 / 2
Tropical cyclone / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 47 / 37 / 11 / 6 / 11 / 2 / 14 / 11 / 3
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 43 / 34 / 11 / 6 / 10 / 2 / 12 / 11 / 2
Includes Loss Life Info / 29 / 23 / 5 / 2 / 8 / 1 / 9 / 8 / 1
Includes Number Affected Info / 27 / 22 / 6 / 1 / 8 / 1 / 9 / 7 / 1
Includes Cost Info / 25 / 20 / 6 / 1 / 7 / 0 / 8 / 8 / 1
Heavy snow / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 25 / 20 / 6 / 1 / 7 / 0 / 8 / 8 / 1
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 46 / 12 / 0 / 2 / 8 / 4 / 2 / 2 / 28
Includes Loss Life Info / 13 / 5 / 0 / 0 / 4 / 2 / 2 / 0 / 5
Includes Number Affected Info / 11 / 6 / 0 / 0 / 5 / 2 / 1 / 0 / 3
Includes Cost Info / 11 / 4 / 0 / 0 / 5 / 0 / 2 / 0 / 4
Cold wave / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 69 / 34 / 5 / 11 / 14 / 6 / 6 / 1 / 31
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 58 / 28 / 4 / 9 / 13 / 6 / 5 / 1 / 24
Includes Loss Life Info / 17 / 10 / 2 / 3 / 6 / 1 / 3 / 0 / 4
Includes Number Affected Info / 15 / 11 / 2 / 3 / 6 / 2 / 2 / 0 / 2
Includes Cost Info / 15 / 9 / 2 / 3 / 6 / 0 / 3 / 0 / 3
Smoke, Dust or Haze / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 54 / 38 / 9 / 13 / 17 / 2 / 4 / 3 / 15
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 42 / 29 / 8 / 11 / 12 / 2 / 4 / 3 / 10
Includes Loss Life Info / 9 / 3 / 1 / 2 / 2 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 4
Includes Number Affected Info / 11 / 7 / 1 / 2 / 4 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 3
Includes Cost Info / 9 / 6 / 2 / 2 / 4 / 0 / 0 / 1 / 2
Storm surge / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 41 / 20 / 6 / 2 / 8 / 2 / 9 / 6 / 14
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 35 / 15 / 5 / 2 / 7 / 3 / 4 / 6 / 13
Includes Loss Life Info / 23 / 13 / 5 / 1 / 6 / 0 / 5 / 7 / 4
Includes Number Affected Info / 15 / 10 / 4 / 1 / 6 / 0 / 4 / 3 / 1
Includes Cost Info / 16 / 9 / 3 / 1 / 5 / 0 / 4 / 3 / 3
Waterborne hazards / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 33 / 12 / 3 / 3 / 8 / 2 / 3 / 2 / 15
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 25 / 10 / 3 / 2 / 6 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 11
Includes Loss Life Info / 10 / 3 / 2 / 2 / 1 / 0 / 2 / 2 / 3
Includes Number Affected Info / 9 / 4 / 2 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 2 / 2
Includes Cost Info / 10 / 4 / 3 / 2 / 2 / 0 / 2 / 1 / 3
Tornado / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 40 / 20 / 4 / 4 / 8 / 3 / 5 / 5 / 15
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 32 / 14 / 4 / 3 / 6 / 2 / 4 / 5 / 12
Includes Loss Life Info / 21 / 12 / 3 / 2 / 7 / 1 / 3 / 4 / 4
Includes Number Affected Info / 16 / 10 / 3 / 1 / 7 / 1 / 3 / 2 / 2
Includes Cost Info / 13 / 8 / 2 / 1 / 5 / 1 / 3 / 1 / 2
Marine hazards / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 31 / 13 / 1 / 4 / 6 / 2 / 1 / 3 / 15
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 24 / 9 / 1 / 2 / 5 / 2 / 1 / 3 / 11
Includes Loss Life Info / 11 / 6 / 2 / 1 / 4 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 2
Includes Number Affected Info / 8 / 6 / 2 / 1 / 4 / 0 / 0 / 3 / 0
Includes Cost Info / 9 / 6 / 2 / 1 / 4 / 0 / 1 / 2 / 1
Avalanche / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 28 / 8 / 1 / 0 / 5 / 3 / 4 / 2 / 14
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 23 / 8 / 1 / 0 / 5 / 4 / 4 / 1 / 9
Includes Loss Life Info / 14 / 5 / 1 / 0 / 3 / 2 / 3 / 1 / 5
Includes Number Affected Info / 11 / 6 / 1 / 0 / 2 / 2 / 3 / 1 / 3
Includes Cost Info / 13 / 5 / 2 / 0 / 3 / 0 / 4 / 1 / 5
Freezing rain / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 42 / 9 / 1 / 3 / 8 / 1 / 2 / 0 / 28
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 36 / 8 / 1 / 2 / 7 / 2 / 2 / 0 / 23
Includes Loss Life Info / 10 / 3 / 1 / 0 / 3 / 1 / 2 / 0 / 4
Includes Number Affected Info / 9 / 4 / 1 / 0 / 4 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 3
Includes Cost Info / 11 / 6 / 1 / 3 / 4 / 0 / 2 / 0 / 2
Airborne hazardous substances / Status of archiving data by NMHSs: / 32 / 9 / 1 / 3 / 7 / 1 / 3 / 1 / 17
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 25 / 7 / 1 / 1 / 7 / 1 / 2 / 1 / 13
Includes Loss Life Info / 11 / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 2 / 1 / 5
Includes Number Affected Info / 8 / 3 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 3
Includes Cost Info / 8 / 3 / 1 / 1 / 2 / 0 / 2 / 1 / 2
Tsunami / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 27 / 19 / 5 / 2 / 9 / 2 / 6 / 6 / 2
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 23 / 16 / 5 / 2 / 9 / 1 / 4 / 5 / 2
Includes Loss Life Info / 17 / 12 / 3 / 0 / 7 / 1 / 4 / 4 / 1
Includes Number Affected Info / 16 / 11 / 3 / 0 / 7 / 1 / 3 / 4 / 1
Includes Cost Info / 13 / 8 / 2 / 0 / 5 / 0 / 3 / 4 / 1
Volcanic events / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 16 / 10 / 3 / 2 / 2 / 2 / 5 / 3 / 2
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 15 / 10 / 3 / 3 / 1 / 2 / 5 / 3 / 1
Includes Loss Life Info / 12 / 7 / 2 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 4 / 3 / 1
Includes Number Affected Info / 12 / 8 / 2 / 2 / 1 / 1 / 4 / 3 / 1
Includes Cost Info / 12 / 6 / 2 / 2 / 1 / 0 / 4 / 3 / 2
Desert locust swarm / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 13 / 12 / 5 / 10 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 1
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 11 / 10 / 5 / 7 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 1
Includes Loss Life Info / 4 / 3 / 2 / 3 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Includes Number Affected Info / 7 / 6 / 4 / 5 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Includes Cost Info / 5 / 4 / 2 / 3 / 1 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Sandstorm / Status of Archiving data by NMHSs: / 30 / 22 / 4 / 10 / 11 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 7
Includes Standardized HydroMet Info / 25 / 17 / 3 / 8 / 9 / 1 / 1 / 0 / 6
Includes Loss Life Info / 6 / 3 / 0 / 1 / 2 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 2
Includes Number Affected Info / 5 / 4 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 1
Includes Cost Info / 6 / 4 / 0 / 1 / 3 / 0 / 1 / 0 / 1

Annex 4 - Contribution of NMHS to various Sectors Relevant to DRR