Which of the Following Is a Step in the Process of PCR?

1. Which of the following is a step in the process of PCR?

1. Primers bind to complementary portions of the single-stranded template DNA.
2. The two DNA strands of the double-stranded DNA template separate, forming single-stranded templates.
3. Taq polymerase breaks down the complementary DNA strand from the dNTPs, starting at the primer.
4. A reaction mixture containing dNTPs, a DNA sample, primers, and Taq polymerase is created.
5. A and B
6. C and D
7. A, B, and D
8. B, C, and D

1. Which of the following is not a step in dideoxy sequencing?

1. Collecting DNA strands that are produced
2. Reading the output on an automated sequencing machine
3. Incubating the reaction mixture
4. Joining fragments via electrophoresis
5. DNA synthesis

1. Which of the following best describes how genes are identified within bacterial genomes?

1. Genome annotation
2. Open reading frames
3. Expressed sequence tag
4. Bioinformatics

1. It is more difficult to identify genes in prokaryotes because…

1. The coding regions are broken up by introns
2. Randomly generated sequences contain a stop codon every 20 codons
3. Protein-coding genes
4. Expressed sequence tags
5. Open reading frames
6. None of the above
7. All of the above

1. The following image is depicting what kind of reaction?

1. Energetically unfavorable
2. Energetically favorable
3. Spontaneous
4. Non-spontaneous
5. A and C
6. A and D
7. B and C
8. B and D

1. The following image is depicting what kind of reaction?

1. Energetically unfavorable
2. Energetically favorable
3. Spontaneous
4. Non-spontaneous
5. A and C
6. A and D
7. B and C
8. B and D

1. How are reaction rates affected by changes in reactant concentration and changes in temperature?

1. Reactions happen faster with increased reaction concentration and decreased temperature.
2. Reactions happen faster with decreased reaction concentration and increased temperature.
3. Reactions happen faster with decreased reaction concentration and decreased temperature.
4. Reactions happen faster with increased reaction concentration and increased temperature.

1. Given the following reactions:

X + B → XB + H20 (ΔG = +12.7 kcal/mol)

Z + H20 → Y + B (ΔG = -7.4 kcal/mol)

The following coupled reaction (X + Z → Y + XB) will be…

1. Spontaneous
2. Energetically favorable
3. Non-spontaneous
4. Energetically unfavorable
5. A and B
6. A and D
7. B and C
8. C and D

1. How can enzymes help reactions?

1. Enzymes bring substrate molecules together in a substrate binding site known as the enzyme’s active site.
2. Enzyme’s lower the activation energy.
3. Enzymes help substrates collide in a precise orientation so that the electrons involved are in the reaction can interact.
4. Enzyme’s lower the half-life of substrate molecules.
5. A and B
6. A, B, and C
7. B, C, and D
8. All of the above
9. None of the above

1. How does competitive inhibition affect enzyme function?

1. A regulatory molecule binds at a location other than the active site and changes the shape of the enzyme in a way that makes the active site available to the enzyme’s natural substrates.
2. Regulatory molecules that are similar in size and shape to the enzyme’s natural substrate inhibits catalysis by binding to the enzyme’s active site.
3. A regulatory molecule binds at a location other than the active site and changes the shape of the enzyme in a way that makes the active site unavailable to the enzyme’s natural substrates.
4. Regulatory molecules breakdown carbon dioxide to be used as a source of energy.
5. A and B
6. C and D
7. A, B, and C
8. B, C, and D
9. All of the above

1. Which of the following best describes the process that occurs during the citric acid cycle?

1. Pyruvate is processed to release one molecule of carbon dioxide, and the remaining carbons are used to form acetyl CoA.
2. One molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvate, ATP is produced from ADP, and NAD+ is reduced to form NADH.
3. Acetyl CoA is oxidized to two molecules of carbon dioxide, more ATP and NADH is produced, and FAD is reduced to form FADH2.
4. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 move through the electron transport chain, and the energy released from this chain of redoxreactions is used to create a proton gradient across a membrane. The flow of protons across this membrane is used to make ATP.
5. A and B
6. B and C
7. C and D
8. All of the above

1. Label the membrane compartments of the mitochondria

1. How does an enzyme with both an active site and an inhibitory allosteric site that bind the same molecule regulate steps in the glycolysis pathway?

1. How does an enzyme with both an active site and an inhibitory allosteric site that bind the same molecule regulate steps in the glycolysis pathway?

1. When concentrations are low, ATP binds only to the active site; when concentrations are high, ATP binds to the inhibitory allosteric site.
2. When concentrations are low, ATP binds to the active site and the inhibitory allosteric site.
3. When concentrations are high, ATP binds only to the active site; when concentrations are low, ATP binds to the inhibitory allosteric site.
4. When concentrations are high, ATP binds to the active site and the inhibitory allosteric site.

1. Given the two reactions below:

CO2 + H2O + light energy →→→ (CH2O)n + O2

CO2 + H2S + light energy →→→ (CH2O)n + S

What could we expect the products of the subsequent reactions to look like?

14CO2 + H218O + light energy →→→ (14CH2O)n + 18O2

14C18O2 + H2O + light energy →→→ (14CH218O)n + O2

1. How do light capturing reactions contribute to the production of sugar?

-Light capturing reactions produce chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP; and the NADPH and ATP are used to reduce carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate (which can bea sugar).

1. If a specific color can be seen, this means that the wavelength of light responsible for that color is being what?

1. Visible
2. Absorbed
3. Contained
4. Reflected

1. If we are given a light spectrum that depicts yellow, orange, and red light being reflected, where would we find the majority of oxygen seeking bacteria on the light spectrum?

-The majority of oxygen seeking bacteria would be found in the Purple, Blue, and Green regions of the light spectrum. This is because the light wavelengths from these regions are being absorbed, which means photosynthesis is occurring; and a product of photosynthesis is oxygen production.

1. What is the absorption spectrum?

-A measurement of how the wavelength of photons influences the amount of light absorbed by a pigment.

-Shows where the greatest amount of light is being absorbed.

1. Which of the following best describes the action spectrum?

1. A measurement of how the wavelength of photons influences the amount of light absorbed by a pigment.
2. A measurement of the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in driving the light-dependent reactions for photosynthesis.
3. A measurement of the carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis to occur.
4. A measurement of the activity of photons in chlorophyll molecules.

1. What is the relationship between light-dependent reactions and carbon fixation?

-Light capturing reactions produce chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP; and the NADPH and ATP are used to perform the process of carbon fixation, which is reducing carbon dioxide.

1. What are two similarities between the functions of photosystem II and the cytochrome complex?

-Establishing a proton gradient and producing ATP.

1. Which of the following are functions of the plant cell wall?

1. Defining the shape of a plant cell and the plant itself.
2. Helping to keep unwanted substances out of the cell.
3. Helping the plant to withstand forces of gravity and wind.
4. Intracellular communication
5. A and B
6. C and D
7. A, B, and C
8. A, B, and D
9. All of the above

1. What is the antenna complex?

-The antenna complex is an array of proteins (multiple proteins) containing chlorophyll molecules and accessory pigments; these chlorophyll and pigments allow light energy from the sun to be transferred from one pigment to the next.

1. What is the reaction center?

-The reaction center is the final destination of the energy transfer from the antenna complex, and this energy from the antenna complex is used to make chemical energy.

1. Which of the following is a function of epithelia?

1. Acting as a barrier between the external environments of plants and animals.
2. Separating organs to prevent mixing if solutions from adjacent organs or structures.
3. Acting as a barrier between the internal environments of plants and animals.
4. Providing structural support.
5. A and B
6. B and C
7. A, B, and C
8. B, C, and D
9. All of the above

1. Which of the following best describes desmosomes?

1. Proteins line up and bind to one another, stitching the membranes of two cells together to form a watertight seal.
2. Integral membrane attachment proteins form bridges between anchoring proteins inside adjacent cells.
3. Specialized proteins assemble in the membranes of adjacent cells, creating interconnected pores between the cells.
4. Channels that allow water, ions, and small molecules such as amino acids, sugars, and nucleotides to move between adjacent cells.

1. If conducting a cell mixing experiment where epidermis, mesoderm, and neural plate are placed into the same petri dish, what can we expect the possible outcomes of this experiment to look like?

1. How do endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine signaling differ from one another?

-Autocrine signaling – signals act on the same cell that secretes them.

-Paracrine signaling – diffuse locally and act on nearby cells.

-Endocrine signaling – hormones carried between cells by blood or other body fluids.

1. What allows for hormones released into the bloodstream to only trigger responses in certain cell types and organs?

-Hormones act only on cells that express the appropriate receptor.

-Target cells respond to a particular hormone because they contain a receptor for that hormone.

1. How does a cell being able to respond to a signal affect the regulation of gene expression?

-A hormone that is able to attach to a cell’s receptors can cause dramatic changes in the amount of mRNA production or the timing of mRNA production by a large number of genes.

-Gene expression also changes when a regulatory molecule such as a steroid hormone-receptor complex binds to the hormone response element for that gene.

• A hormone receptor complex leads to the production of many copies of the gene product, amplifying the signal for that hormone.

1. How would we expect loss of function mutations and gain of function mutations to affect a biological pathway?

-A loss-of-function mutation means that processes later in a pathway are not going to occur; whereas gain-of-function means that the ability of what is being affected will be improved (for example, the process of translation may produce a greater amount of proteins).

1. Remember to look at plant signal transduction vs. animal signal transduction (there are a lot of similarities and a lot of differences, but just be familiar with the process).