Exam 4 Review
Supplemental Instruction
Iowa State University / Leader: / Kali D
Course: / BIOL 256
Instructor: / Dr. Haen
Date: / 4/15/15
  1. Which leukocyte is found in almost all the tissues in the body?

a)Monocyte

b)Lymphocyte

c)Macrophages

d)Neutrophils

  1. A B-cell contacts the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, it develops into a plasma cell that secretes antibodies .
  1. Where in the body do T-cells mature?

a)Bone marrow

b)Thymus gland

c)Blood

d)None of the above

  1. Which cell is important for fighting viral infections and the destruction of mutant cells that may develop into cancer? NK cells ->releases perforins
  1. List six peripheral lymphoid tissues. What general role do these tissues play in immunity?

Tonsils

Lymphnoids

Peyers Patches

Spleen Appendix

Addenoids

Trap foreign particles

  1. List the five general steps of inflammation

a) Nearby macrophages engulf debris and foreign matter.

b) Capillaries dilate and become more permeable to proteins and fluids->histamine

c) Foreign matter is contained

d)Additional leukocytes migrate into the region

e) Recruited leukocytes continue help clear infection via phagocytosis

  1. Compare effector cells and memory cells .

Effector Cells
-short lived / Memory
-longer lived
-membrane receptors of certain antigen
  1. What is the basis for the stronger and more rapid immune response that occurs upon secondary exposure to an antigen?

Quicker, great magnitude than primary response

Memory B cells and memory T cells

  1. Which section of an antibody determines its class?

a)Heavy chain

b)V region-determines what antigen it binds

c)C region

d)Light chain

  1. An individual with type AB blood

a)Is considered a universal blood donor.-O

b)Is considered a universal blood recipient.

c)Produces antibodies to the B antigen.

d)Produces antibodies to the A antigen.

e)Is Rh-positive.

  1. Which of the following is an autoimmune disease in which myelinated neurons become the target of the immune response?

a)Myasthenia gravis

b)Multiple sclerosis

c)Diabetes mellitus

d)Rheumatoid arthritis

  1. Describe the muscle mechanics of inspiration. Expiration?

Diaphragm contracts, external costals contracts, thoracic cavity expands

Internal intercostals contract

  1. Pulmonary surfactant that decreases the surface tension in alveoli is secreted by

a)Type I alveolar cells

b)Surfactant cells

c)Type II alveolar cells

d)Mast cells

  1. As airway radius decreases, airway resistance (decreases/increases).
  1. As the thoracic cavity becomes __larger______with inspiration,

a)the lungs stretch and intrapulmonary volume __drops______

b)while intrapulmonary pressure (Palv) drops below _____atmospheric pressure______(P_atm__)

c)then air flows into the lungs

d)until __intrapulmonary pressure_____ (P_ip__) = ___atmospheric______(P atm__).

  1. How does the following affect O2 affinity?

Structure? Change in structure is going decrease affinity

Temperature? Decrease affinity

pH? Decrease affinity

  1. With the Bohr effect the __decreases____in the pH of the blood, __decreases___the oxygen affinity with hemoglobin. So when the pH of blood becomes more acidic, the oxygen affinity with hemoglobin ____decreases__and O2 is released to the tissues.
  1. Normal breathing rate or _eupnea_is set by the pacesetting respiratory center in the brain which is also called the_medullary ____ _rhythmicity ______center____.
  1. The product of tidal volume and breathing frequency give

a)Respiration rate-rate at which air is moving in and out of the lungs

b)Total lung capacity-sum of all the lung capacities

c)Alveolar ventilation

d)Minute ventilation

e)Dead space volume

  1. Which of the following statements describes the lungs at the functional residual capacity?

a)Atmospheric, intra-alveolar, and intrapleural pressure are equal.

b)The lungs tend to collapse due to their elastic properties

c)The chest wall tends to collapse due to its elastic properties

d)Both a and c

e)All of the above

  1. Which of the following muscles contract(s) during quiet expiration?

a)Diaphragm

b)Internal intercostals

c)External intercostals

d)None of the above

e)All of the above

  1. The clearance of which two substances can be used to estimate the GFR?
  1. Which of the following would occur if mean arterial pressure increased from 95mm Hg to 125 mm Hg?

a)Glomerular filtration rate would increase because of the increased glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure.

b)Glomerular filtration rate would decrease because of the increase Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure.

c)Glomerular filtration rate would not change because of autoregulation.

d)Glomerular filtration rate would not change because of activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

  1. Which of the following is not one of the mechanisms by which a solute can be exchanged between the plasma and the renal tubules?

a)Glomerular filtration

b)Secretion

c)Excretion

d)Reabsorption

  1. Every nephron has two capillary beds, the _peritubular_and the__vasa recta_____, and each is fed by an __afferent_arteriole that _brings__blood to the glomerulus which has higher or lower pressure, and an ___effferent__that drains blood _away_from it and the pressure is always higheror lower.
  2. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide reduces blood Na+

a)By counteracting effects of angiotensin II

b)By inhibiting Na+ reabsorption by medullary collecting ducts

c)To increase blood volume

d)A and B

e)A and C

  1. The descending loop of Henle is to solutes and to water.

a)Permeable, impermeable

b)Impermeable, permeable

c)Permeable, permeable

d)Impermeable, impermeable

  1. Micturition occurs in response to

a)Relaxation of the detrusor muscle

b)Contraction of the internal and external urethral sphincters

c)Activation of parasympathetic neurons to the bladder

d)Activation of somatic motor neurons to the bladder

  1. Which of the following is an abnormal constituent of urine?

a)Water

b)Protein

c)Urea

d)Sodium

  1. The body responds to a drop in pH by secreting ____ in the proximal convoluted tubule

a)Less H+

b)More H+

c)Less HCO3-

d)More HCO3-

-Regulation of acid and base levels: H+ ions actively secreted into filtrate across the wall of the PCT.

Bicarbonate: reabsorbed by PCT; it is a base
In the filtrate, the high concentration of H+ causes it to bind to HCO3- forming Carbonic acid;

-Carbonic anhydrase: enzyme breaking carbonic acid down into water and CO2;

CO2 diffuses back into the blood; this combines with H2O→carbonic acid;

Carbonic acid→H+ and HCO3-

H+ is then pumped back into filtrate of PTC.

-Control of urine pH: excretion of H+ and reabsorbing HCO3- gives urine a pH between 7 and 5.

-High acidic urine: it may be necessary to remove large amounts of H+ and form highly acidic urine, as in acidosis; nephron cannot produce urine with a pH below 4.5; to get rid of more H+, the H+ are buffered by ammonia or HPO4- and removed attached to these ions

  1. The function of Angiotensin II is to:

a)Decrease the production of aldosterone

b)Decrease water absorption

c)Decrease arteriole blood pressure

d)Constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

  1. Which is the site of filtration?

a)Proximal convoluted tubule-reabsorption

b)Glomerulus

c)Juxtaglomerular apparatus-blood pressure and osmolarity of urine

d)Loop of Henle-reabsorption of water

  1. Which is a site of reabsorption but NOT secretion?

a)Proximal convoluted tubule

b)Glomerulus

c)Juxtaglomerular apparatus

d)Loop of Henle

  1. Which hormone promotes a higher urine volume?

a)Angiotensin II

b)Antidiuretic hormone

c)Atrial natriuretic peptide

d)Renin

It is important for the body to keep sodium and water balances in check, and also to maintain healthy blood volume and blood pressure. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system assists with this in the following manner:

  1. The glomulerus, a bundle of capillary blood vessels found in the kidney, senses a drop in blood flow or sodium and secretes an enzyme called renin into the bloodstream.
  2. Renin moves to the liver where it converts the inactive peptide angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
  3. Angiotensin I travels to the lungs where another enzyme converts it to angiotensin II.
  4. Angiotensin II makes its way to the adrenal glands at the top of the kidneys where it stimulates the production of aldosterone.
  5. Aldosterone helps the kidneys conserve sodium and water, leading to increased fluid volume and sodium levels

When blood volume and blood pressure increase, the stretched atria release Atrial Natiuretic Peptide (ANP), a cardiac hormone. ANP promotes natriurisis by shutting down the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and causing vasodilation. As the blood vessels expand, urine excretion of sodium and water increases, stabilizing blood volume and blood pressure.

  1. With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released to the tissues because:

a)An increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

b)A decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

c)An increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

d)A decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

  1. Urine formation consists of three main mechanisms. Which is NOT one of those mechanisms?

a)Filtration

b)Secretion

c)Reabsorption

d)Cell migration

  1. The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of:

a)Plasma protein

b)Glucose

c)Electrolytes

d)Hormones

  1. When a person hyperventilates until they faint, they faint because they have induced

a)A myocardial infarction

b)Respiratory acidosis

c)Respiratory alkalosis`

d)COPD

  1. The factors responsible for holding the lungs open include

a)The changing volume of the lungs

b)Surface tension of pleural fluid and no outside opening to the pleural cavity

c)The diaphragm and the intercostal muscles

d)The smooth muscles of the lungs