Banking, currency, and protection / To stabilize American currency:
2nd National Bank-
1)had more capital (money) to work with
2)could force states to only issue valid currency or be run out of business.
Growth of factories:
1)increased manufacturing during war continued after
2)Lowell Factory in Massachusetts used power loom to produce completed textile (cloth) under one roof. Begins Industrial Revolution in America.
Protecting American manufacturers:
Congress passed a protective tariff against foreign goods, which made foreign goods more expensive and encouraged people to “buy American,” so that fledgling US manufacturers would be able to compete with larger, more established British companies.
Transportation / Why was transportation important?
Transporting goods to market
What steps were taken to provide better transportation in the Ohio River region and Pennsylvania?
Corduroy roads and toll roads built
How was transportation improved around the Great Lakes?
*use of steam ships and building of Erie Canel from Lake Erie to Albany, NY.
*Completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 connected the Great Lakes with New York.
Why was transportation on the Mississippi River so important?Opened access to Port of New Orleans, which made it faster and easier to ship goods from western farms to eastern seaboard and to Europe.
Why did Madison veto Calhoun’s internal improvements bill?
He said Constitution did not give Congress the authority to spend money on roads without an amendment that specifically allowed it.
EXPANDING WESTWARD
The Great Migrations / What effects did the westward migration of white Americans have on the US?
*expanded economy from expanded land
*conflict with indians
*sets up for Civil War with expansion of slavery
Why were people moving west?
Wanted land
How did America deal with the “Indian problem”?
Indian Removal Act-have to move west to Oklahoma (Indian Territory)
How did people migrate westward?
Conastoga wagon
The Plantation System in the Southwest / Why did cotton plantations spread into Alabama and Mississippi?
Black fertile soil
What does the author mean when he says “these western planters would assume the airs of a longstanding aristocracy”?
Saw themselves as an upper class
What four states were admitted into the US between 1812 and 1819?
Trade and Trapping in the Far West /
- When Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821, it opened up new markets for American trade in present-day Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Mexican manufactured goods were of lower quality than US goods, so Mexico lost its trade market within its own northern colonies, and a brisk American trade began on the Santa Fe Trail (between St. Louis, MO, and Santa Fe, NM), which encouraged later American settlement of the area.
- Fur trading, especially that of beavers (which were used to make fashionable men’s hats), became increasingly important and white fur-trappers began to ply their trade in the western states, bringing them into further contact with-and sometimes conflict with-Indian tribes of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain regions. The trappers often exchanged manufactured goods and trinkets for furs from local tribes, or trapped their own. Many trappers married Indian and Hispanic women as they traded with local people and earlier Mexican settlers, but battles sometimes erupted between the trappers and various tribes over hunting rights.
Eastern Images of the West / Where did most Americans get their ideas about the west?
Dime novels
Were their notions about the west very accurate?
no
Who was Stephen Long?
Military exploration to find head of Red River
THE ERA OF “GOOD FEELINGS”
The End of the First Party System / What was the Virginia Dynasty and why did it upset Northern politicians?
Refers to all the Pres. Who were from VA. Northern states felt VA was overrepresented in politics.
How did President James Monroe attempt to end partisan politics during his tenure as President?
Appointed people from both parties to key positions
Why do they call Monroe’s tenure in office an “Era of Good Feelings”?
No party politics
What did this era mean for the Federalist party?
Federalists were gone
John Quincy Adams and Florida / *As Secretary of State under Monroe, John Quincy Adams (son of John Adams) worked to annex Florida to the United States.
*Seminole War-Andrew Jackson, a planter and soldier from Tennessee, was in charge of the US troops along the Florida border, where settlers were being raided by Seminole Indians from Florida. To deal with this problem, he attacked Florida and hanged two British citizens he accused of providing weapons to the Seminoles. Adams encouraged Jackson and used his military skirmishes to show Spain that America was capable-and willing-to take Florida by force.
*Adams-Onís Treaty-In 1819 Spain gave in, ceding all of Florida to the United States and giving up its claim to territory north of the 42nd Parallel in the Pacific Northwest (Oregon and Washington). The US gave up its claim to Texas (at least for a while).
The Panic of 1819 / Prior to 1819 there was a high demand for American farm goods, because the Napoleonic Wars in Europe (when Napoleon tried to take over all of Europe) disrupted farming in Europe. This caused American prices to rise drastically, making farming VERY profitable, for a while. To take advantage of this opportunity, many people borrowed heavily to buy land to farm on. The National Bank began to tighten credit and call in loans beginning in 1819, forcing state banks to do the same. When people were unable to pay, many state banks went out of business and people began to lose their new farms to foreclosure, causing an economic depression that lasts 6 years. Many Americans, especially in the west, which was hardest hit by the foreclosures, blamed the National Bank for the depression and wanted to shut it down.
SECTIONALISM AND NATIONALISM
Missouri Compromise / When Missouri applied to be a state in 1819, there were 11 free states in the North and 11 slave states in the South.
What did the Tallmadge Amendment to the Missouri constitution propose to do?
Outlaw slavery in Missouri
Why was it unpopular in the South?
South did not want to upset the balance between free and slave states because it would give free states a political advantage.
What was decided in the Missouri Compromise? MO came in as a slave state, Maine as a free state. For several decades, when one free state was admitted, a slave state had to be admitted, too, in order to maintain that balance of power.
Marshall and the Court / What effects did Chief Justice John Marshall have on the US?
*advanced causes and interests of the wealthy, propertied classes.
*increased power of the federal government over the state
*increase power of federal court system
What was the significance of the following court cases:
*McCulloch v. Maryland
Strengthened the implied powers of Congress, stating that they could pass laws related to any of their 17 enumerated powers. He upheld the constitutionality of the national bank.
*Gibbons v. Ogden
Strengthened Congressional power to regulate interstate commerce.
The Court and the Tribes / According to John v. McIntosh, what rights did Indians have over their lands?
Indians owned their lands and had a basic right to possess them, only the federal government had the right to take their land-NOT individual settlers.
Why was the decision in Worcester v. Georgia important?
Stated that Indian nations were sovereign (had power over their own land and affairs) and states could not interfere in their affairs, but the federal government could. Set up a system in which federal government had power over the tribes and the states.
What legal protections did the Marshall court give Indians?
Gave them basic property rights and recognized them as sovereign nations, but also set up the idea that the federal government was a “guardian” over the tribes and could intervene in their affairs.
The Latin American Revolution and the Monroe Doctrine / What position did the US take on the independence movements in Latin America?
American supported them because getting rid of European colonial powers would strengthen American influence in the region.
What did the Monroe Doctrine state?
Europe needed to stay out of the affairs of Latin America, or the US would take their actions as a personal threat.
What did the Monroe Doctrine establish?
Established the idea of the United States as the dominant power in the Western Hemisphere.
THE REVIVAL OF OPPOSITION
The Corrupt Bargain / What was Henry Clay’s “American System”?
Improve American economy by 1) raising protective tariffs, 2) financing internal improvements (roads, ports, bridges, canals), and 3) strengthening to national bank.
What was the “corrupt bargain”? Is that an accurate accusation? Why or why not?
Jackson received the most electoral votes, but not a majority; Henry Clay agreed to give JQ Adams his electoral votes, which gave Adams the majority, even though he didn’t get the majority of the vote. Then Adams named Clay his Secretary of State, which made it look like he had bribed Clay into supporting him.
The Second President Adams / Why didn’t American diplomats make it to the international conference in Venezuela?
Americans did not want to mingle with the black representatives from Haiti.
The state of Georgia decided to violate a previous federal treaty with the Cherokee Indians and take their lands, despite the fact that President JQ Adams opposed their plan. His inability to force Georgia to comply with federal Indian policy showed a weakness in his administration.
Jackson Triumphant / What two parties emerged in the 1828 election?
National Republicans vs. Democratic-Republicans
What was their vision for America?National-Republicans-supported economic nationalism. Democratic-Republicans-more democracy, less national involvement in economy.
Nationalist Republicans:chief support in New England and Mid-Atlantic region.
Democratic-Republicans:
Why did Jackson’s supporters claim his presidency would issue in the “age of the common man”?