What Works to Prevent the First Use & Risky Use of Substances, Specifically Opioids (Prescription Opioids and/or Heroin) /
Summary of Prevention Research /
- Preventing substance use/abuse through identifying and organizing around intervening variables (risk and protective factors)
Resource / Summary / Research Link/Document
CAPT Decision Support Tools
Risk and Protective Factors Associated with the Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs Using Prevention Research to Guide Prevention Practice / As part of a strategic planning process, practitioners need to identify the underlying factors that influence the likelihood that an individual will develop a substance abuse or related behavioral health problem. This document presents risk and protective factors related to the nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD), as identified in the prevention research literature. It also provides recommendations for using the prevention research to inform the selection and prioritization of factors. / SAHMSA’s CAPT Literature Review,2015
Pages 8-40
A Systematic Review of Risk and Protective Factors Associated With Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs Among Youth in the United States: A Social Ecological Perspective / The purpose of this study was to identify the strongest and most consistent risk and protective factors associated with nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) in multiple contexts, specifically in community-, school-, interpersonal-, and individual-level domains. / Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 2015
Risk and Protective Factors for Alcohol and Other Drug Problems in Adolescence and Early Adulthood: Implications for Substance Abuse Prevention / The authors suggest that the most promising route to effective strategies for the prevention of adolescent alcohol and other drug problems is through a risk-focused approach. This approach requires the identification of risk factors for drug abuse, identification of methods by which risk factors have been effectively addressed, and application of these methods to appropriate high-risk and general population samples in controlled studies. The authors review risk and protective factors for drug abuse, assess a number of approaches for drug abuse prevention potential with high-risk groups, & make recommendations for research and practice. / Psychological Bulletin, 1992
Youth Misperceptions of Peer Substance Use Norms: A Hidden Risk Factor in State and Community Prevention / This study sought to examine whether youth perceptions of peer substance use norms were operating as a risk factor at the same level as other known risk factors in a statewide community prevention effort. The findings of this study revealed that youth misperception of peer substance use norms operate at a level of significance similar to other known risk factors, and these misperceptions are a risk factor that should be measured in order to estimate its relationship with substance use. / Society for Prevention Research, 2013
Prevention Creates the Future by Transforming Culture / A description of how a framework that seeks to transform cultures by integrating spirit, science and action (the Science of Positive) works, and how it can lead to a culture in which child abuse and neglect are not only unacceptable, but also one where prioritizing the needs of children is the key to positively transforming society. / Prevent Child Abuse America
Prevention Creates the Future by Transforming Culture
The Facts about Scare Tactics / A short brief about why scare tactics do not work, and social marketing and social norms marketing alternatives. / Regional Center for Healthy Communities (Metrowest)
- Preventing substance use/abuse through comprehensive, community-based strategies, consisting of multiple interventions in multiple domains– community, school, family, peer/individual – organized via coalition/clusters of coalitions, addressing policy, system and practice change
Resource / Summary / Research Link/Document
1)Comprehensive Strategy:
Multiple Strategies in Multiple Domains / A Community Prevention Intervention to Reduce Youth from Inhaling and Ingesting Harmful Legal Products / The primary focus of this article is on an innovative, comprehensive, community-based prevention intervention. The intervention described here is based upon prior research that has a potential of preventing youth use of alcohol and other legal products. It builds upon three evidence-based prevention interventions from the substance abuse field: community mobilization, environmental strategies, and school-based prevention education intervention. / Journal of Drug Education, 2007
See attachment:
J Drug Educ - 2007
2)Building Effective Coalitions:
2 studies (DFC & CTC) and 1 local example / Federal Drug Free Communities Coalitions (DFC)
Drug-Free Communities Support Program 2013 National Evaluation Report and Summary / Prevalence of Youth Substance Use Has Declined Significantly in DFC Communities funded across the United States. These grants require a coalition comprised of 12 sectors of a community working in partnership to address substance abuse issues. / 2013 Report
Summary 2013
Communities That Care Coalitions (CTC)
Results of a Type 2 Translational Research Trial to Prevent Adolescent Drug Use and Delinquency: A Test of Communities That Care (CTC) / The study compares 24 towns in 7 states, matched within each state, randomly assigned to control or CTC conditions. The incidences of alcohol, cigarette and smokeless tobacco initiation, and delinquent behavior were significantly lower in CTC than in control communities for students in grades 5 through 8. In grade 8, the prevalence’s of alcohol and smokeless tobacco use in the last 30 days, binge drinking in the last 2 weeks, and the number of different delinquent behaviors committed in the last year were significantly lower for students in CTC communities. Conclusion: Using the CTC system to reduce health-risking behaviors in adolescents can significantly reduce these behaviors communitywide. / JAMA Pediatrics, 2009
Research Brief
Communities That Care Coalition (CTC) in Greenfield, Massachusetts
Channeling Change: Making Collective Impact Work / The Communities That Care Coalition of Franklin County and the North Quabbin (Communities That Care) has made equally impressive progress toward its much more local goals, reducing teenage binge drinking by 31 percent. / Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2012
3)Effectiveness of Schools & Communities Working Together / Creating School and Community Partnerships for Substance Abuse Prevention Programs / The article reviews the scope and scale of the problem, explores a transactional view of etiology, and summarizes the prevailing approaches to prevention, exemplary and promising approaches, and standards for research and practice. The authors stress the importance of addressing the complexity of the problem through creation of comprehensive, multifaceted approaches to reduce substance abuse. Effective intervention frameworks are presented that weave together the resources of school, home, and community / See attachment:
Adelman and Taylor.pdf
A General Causal Model to Guide Alcohol, Tobacco, and Illicit Drug Prevention: Assessing the Research Evidence / While the field of substance abuse prevention has made great strides during the past decade, two major challenges remain. First, the field has been disorganized and fragmented with respect to its research and prevention practices; that is, there are often separate ATOD prevention “specialists.” Second, both the prevention researchers who test the efficacy of specific prevention strategies and the practitioners who implement prevention efforts often lack an overall perspective to guide strategy selection. To address these limitations, we present an ATOD causal model that seeks to identify those variables (Domains) that are theoretically salient and empirically connected across alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs. The model is a means to recognize both the complexity of the community system that produces ATOD problems and the multiple intervention points that are possible within this system. Researchers and practitioners are thus challenged to work synergistically to find effective and cost-effective approaches to change or reduce ATOD use and associated problems. / 2004 Pacific Institute for Research Evaluation (PIRE)See attachment:
A General Causal Model Guide.pdf
Principles of SubstanceAbuse Prevention
Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services) / These prevention principles still hold true today and lay out the foundation of the prevention field. Implementation of the principles varies among practitioners and therefore the results are not generalizable. / See Attachment:
CSAPsPrinciplesofSAPrevnetion.pdf
NIDA Red Book / The NIDA Red Book discusses prevention in the community. The prevention principles still hold true today and lay out the foundation of the prevention field. Implementation of the principles varies among practitioners and therefore the results are notnecessarily generalizable. / NIDA
Supporting Community-Based Substance Abuse Prevention: Lessons Learned from 10 Years of the ASAP Center / This resource reviews community-based prevention and evidence-based practices and how through training, consultation, and other educational events people can support community-based prevention efforts. / The Health Foundation of Greater Cincinnati, 2010
Key Strategies for Violence and Substance Abuse Prevention III: Working in the Community / This brief outlines strategies to carry prevention activities from the classroom and into the communities to ensure the community has a positive influence on youth. These strategies focus on policies that control the availability and marketing of alcohol and tobacco and the enforcement of these policies. / Safe Schools Healthy Students, 2004
National Center Brief
4)Effective School-Based Strategies
a)School Climate / School Climate: A Road Map to Both Academic Achievement and Drug Prevention / The purpose of this PPT is to provide slides that can be used to: (1) make the case for the importance of incorporating school climate into schools and district improvement plans and policies; and (2) celebrate school’s S3 successes. The slides demonstrate the linkages between school climate and academic improvement and related outcomes such as school attendance, engagement, and connectedness. It includes cross-site S3 results (the average from all grantees) that illustrate the programs overall effectiveness. / See Attachment
School Climate Slides.pdf
b)School Policy / The Impact of School Alcohol Policy on Student Drinking / The purpose of this study was to test the impact of the degree and type of alcohol policy enforcement in state representative samples of secondary students in Washington State, USA, and Victoria, Australia. The likelihood of students drinking on school grounds was increased when students perceived lax policy enforcement. Student perceptions of harm minimization alcohol messages, abstinence alcohol messages and counselling for alcohol policy violators predicted reduced likelihood of binge drinking. Students perceiving harm minimization messages and counselling for alcohol policy violators had a reduced likelihood of experiencing alcohol-related harms. Perceptions of harsh penalties were unrelated to drinking behavior. These results suggest that perceived policy enforcement may lessen drinking at school 1 year later and that harm minimization messages and counselling approaches may also lessen harmful drinking behaviors as harm minimization advocates suggest. / Health Education Research, 2013
See attachment: Evans-Whipp et al 2013
A Review of School Drug Policies and their Impact on Youth Substance Use / The paper reviews the known status of school policies on tobacco, alcohol and other illicit drugs in a number of Western countries and the existing evidence for the effectiveness of school drug policy in preventing drug use. The review shows most have policies but there is substantial variation in the comprehensiveness of these policies. Preliminary tobacco evidence shows more comprehensive and strictly enforced school policies are associated with less smoking. The paper discusses the International Youth Development Study aimed at comparing school policies and the developmental course of youth drug use in the US (abstinence approach) vs. Australia (harm minimization approach / Health Promotion International, 2004
See attachment: Evans-Whipp et al 2004
Zero-Tolerance School Drug Policies Only Make Drug Use Worse, a Study Finds / A new study published in the American Journal of Public Health found that students who were suspended from school were more likely to partake in the use of illicit drugs than students at schools who do not have such policies. / University of Washington, 2015
c)School-Based Curriculum
Question: Do we need a separate module on opioids inserted into evidence-based prevention curricula, or do existing evidence- based curricula provide protection from Rx Drugs?
Answer: Evidence suggests that more general prevention curricula have this impact without an additional component (see article for details) / Longitudinal Effects of Universal Preventive Intervention on Prescription Drug Misuse: Three Randomized Controlled Trials With Late Adolescents and Young Adults
/ Substance abuse prevention programs that begin in middle school may help deter prescription drug abuse in later years, new research suggests.
Scientists analyzed findings from three studies of family- and school-based prevention programs designed for rural and small-town middle school students. They found students who went through substance abuse prevention programs were 20 percent to 65 percent less likely to abuse prescription drugs and opioids when they were between 17 and 25 years old, compared with students who did not participate in the programs.
The programs focused on general risk and protective factors of substance abuse. “Brief universal interventions have potential for public health impact by reducing prescription drug misuse among adolescents and young adults,” the researchers wrote in the American Journal of Public Health. / American Journal of Public Health, 2013
Four School-Based, Evidence-Driven Curricula (see NREPP for other evidence-based strategies) / LifeSkills / A summary of the outcomes, implementation history and costs of the LifeSkills training program / SAMHSA’s National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices
All Stars / A summary of the outcomes, implementation history and costs of the All Stars training program / SAMHSA’s National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices
Keepin’ It REAL / A summary of the outcomes, implementation history and costs of the Getting Real training program / SAMHSA’s National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices
Michigan Model / A summary of the outcomes, implementation history and costs of the Michigan Model training program / SAMHSA’s National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices
5)Strategies in the Parent/Family Domain / Promoting Positive Community Norms: A Supplement to CDC’s Essentials for Childhood: Steps to Create Safe, Stable, Nurturing Relationships and Environments / This guide provides information about creating a context for increasing safe, stable, nurturing relationships and environments for children and families by promoting positive community norms. The key aim is to provide prevention leaders one way of learning about the power of positive community norms, the importance of understanding the difference between actual and perceived norms, and the ways they can grow positive norms in their communities. / National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention, 2014
SAMHSA’s National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices / There are various Evidence-based programs and practices listed on NREPP to address risk and protective factors in the family domain. Guiding Good Choices, Parenting Wisely, Strengthening Families are a few. / SAMHSA’s National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices