What Have We Covered So Far?

BIOL 211 SI, Molly

Dr. Serb and Dr. Raich

EXAM 4 REVIEW, 11/16/14

What have we covered so far?

• Cell cycle
• Interphase
• Mitosis
• Meiosis I and II
• Cancer
• Mendel’s experiment
• Punnett Square
• Inheritance using the Punnett Square and test crosses
• Scientists and their contribution to Evolution and Natural Selection
• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution via Natural Selection
• Darwin’s 4 Postulates
• Ernst Mayr’s Demonstrably True Observations and Resulting Inferences
• Population Genetics
• Modern Synthesis
• Populations
• Hardy-Weinberg Equation and Conditions
• Genotypic and Allelic Frequencies
• Genetic Drift
• “Bottleneck Effect”
• “Founder Effect”
• Natural Selection
• Directional Selection
• Stabilizing Selection
• Diversifying Selection
• Balancing Selection
• Mechanisms to Maintain Diversity
• Speciation
• Reproductive barriers
• Prezygotic
• Postzygotic
• Formation of new species
• Biological Species Concept

Describe what happens in each of the following stages of the CELL CYCLE. List if it’s interphase or mitosis/meiosis.

Describe what happens in each of the following stages of MITOSIS.

Draw the cell in each of the following stages in each cycle. (continued on next page)

VOCABULARY TERMS

Fill in the table.

PEOPLE TO KNOW

Fill in the table with what each scientist contributed to biology.

Darwin’s Postulates – state them in your own words

Darwin’s Components of his Theory of Adaptive Evolution via Natural Selection – describe each in as much detail as possible, in your own words

1. Biological Evolution

1. Natural Selection

Demonstrably True Observations – describe each, in your own words

Ernst Mayr’s Resulting Influences – describe each, in your own words

Cell Cycle Checkpoints – name where they are and why they are important at those stages

1. G1 Phase

1. G2 Phase (sometimes referred to as S checkpoint)

1. Metaphase

Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis

In the space below, create a Punnett Square. Report the frequencies.

P Generation: PP x ppP=Purple

P=white

Homozygous dominant: 0

Homozygous recessive: 0

Heterozygous: 4 or 100%

Purple: 4 or 100%

White: 0

F1 Generation: Pp x PpP=Purple

P=white

Homozygous dominant: 1 or 25%

Homozygous recessive: 1 or 25%

Heterozygous: 2 or 50%

Purple: 3 or 75%

White: 1 or 25%

P Generation: RRWW x rrwwR=RedW=wrinkled

r=whitew=round

Red/Wrinkled 16/16

Red/Round 0/16

White/Wrinkled 0/16

White/Round 0/16

Ratio: 16:0:0:0

F1 Generation: RrWw x RrWwR=RedW=wrinkled

r=whitew=round

Red/Wrinkled 9/16

Red/Round 3/16

White/Wrinkled 3/16

White/Round 1/16

Ratio: 9:3:3:1

In the space below, calculate the frequencies using Hardy-Weinberg.

2 alleles for flower color: CR and Cr

49 plants have red flowers (CRCR)

42 plants have pink flowers (CRCr)

9 plants have white flowers (CrCr)

All plants are diploid

Allele frequency

CR .7

Cr .3

Genotype frequency

CRCR .49

CRCr .42

CrCr .09

Short Answer:

1.) What are the three important roles of cell division in eukaryotes?

Reproduction, growth and development, and tissue repair

2.) What are Mendel and Darwin’s respective opinions on evolution?

The units of evolution are genes – Mendel

The mechanism of evolution is selection - Darwin

3.) Name the five conditions in which the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium must meet.

Large population, no mutations, no migration, no natural selection, random mating

4.) What are the two problems with the Theory of Adaptive Evolution via Natural Selection? Why are these topics considered problems?

Fossils – prove extinctions; plant and animal breeding – artificial selection for desirable traits

5.) Why can’t natural selection make “perfect” organisms?

Evolution is limited, adaptations are often compromises, chance and naturals selection interact, and selection can only edit existing variations.

6.) Describe the relationship between gene pool, alleles, and loci.

Alleles are all the possible traits. Loci are the specific locations on the chromosomes where the alleles are located. Gene pool is all the alleles for all the traits of a species together.

7.) How is evolution not a theory about the origin of life?

Evolution simply explains the change over time, not the beginning of life.

8.) Is the Hardy-Weinberg Theorm realistic in the natural world? Why or why not?

No. The five characteristics are almost impossible to meet together in the real world.

9.) What are the basis of the Modern Synthesis?

Genetic variation in populations arise by chance through mutation and recombination. Evolution is the changes in allele frequencies between generations. Speciation occurs gradually when populations become genetically isolated.

10.) What are the three mechanisms that preserve genetic diversity? Describe each.

Diploidy – can hide genetic diversity from selection as heterozygous; Heterozygote Advantage – heterozygotes at a locus have greater fitness than homozygotes; Neutral variation – genetic variation has little or no impact on reproductive success, change through genetic drift

Multiple Choice

1.) ______is also known as reduction division.

1. Mitosis
2. Meiosis
3. Fertilization
4. Metastasis

2.) According to currently available information, humans evolved from fish.

1. True
2. False

3.) During ______, the chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate.

1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase

4.) Tristan da Cunha, a British settlement, has an allele frequency for retinitis pigmentosa 10x greater than in England. This is an example of the

1. Genetic Drift
2. Bottleneck Effect
3. Gene Flow
4. Founder Effect

5.) Biological evolution is just a theory, and there are equally good alternatives.

1. True
2. False

6.) Meiosis occurs in the ______, therefore the product of meiosis is ______.

1. Organs; organelles
2. Entire body except gonads; somatic cells
3. Skin; skin cells
4. Gonads; gametes

7.) If all humans were to suddenly perish, apes would evolve into humans with time.

1. True
2. False

8.) During the process of binary fission, heritability occurs and genetic variability does not.

1. True
2. False

9.) Natural selection contains five different variations. These variations include all of the following except:

1. Balancing selection
2. Directional selection
3. Diversifying selection
4. Phenotypic selection

10.) DNA duplicates to form 2 ______. A cell divides to produce 2 ______.

1. Daughter cells; sister chromatids
2. Sister chromatids; daughter cells
3. Centrosomes; centromeres
4. Centromeres; centrosomes

11.) The purpose of mosquitos is

1. To control excessive population growth by the animals the feed upon.
2. To feed birds.
3. To make more mosquitos.
4. To disperse disease organisms.
5. None of the above.

12.) In meiosis, the reduction of diploid to haploid occurs:

1. After Prophase I, during Anaphase I
2. After Metaphase I, during Anaphase I
3. After Prometaphase II, during Metaphase II
4. After Anaphase II, during Telophase II

13.) Being smarter and quicker, mammals hastened the extinction of the dinosaurs.

1. True
2. False

14.) These structures are what the spindle fibers attach to on the chromosomes:

1. Centrosomes
2. Kinetochores
3. Microtubules
4. Centromeres

15.) Natural selection acts on the ______.

1. Individual
2. Population
3. Environment
4. Both a and c
5. Both b and c

16.) Evolution is designed to produce greater perfection through time.

1. True
2. False

17.) Henry went to the doctor and was diagnosed with a benign tumor. This means the tumor will

1. Not invade neighboring tissues.
2. Spread through metastasis.
3. Cannot be easily removed.
4. Reach the blood vessels.

18.) Larger and more complex organisms have larger genomes.

1. True
2. False

19.) ______produces two identical daughter cells, while ______produces four cells with half the material as the parent.

1. Mitosis; meiosis
2. Oogenesis; spermatogenesis
3. Meiosis; mitosis
4. Spermatogenesis; oogenesis

20.) The idea that species evolve into other species through time is attributable to Charles Darwin.

1. True
2. False

21.) Interphase constitutes about

1. 25% of the cell cycle
2. 10% of the cell cycle
3. 100% of the cell cycle
4. 90% of the cell cycle

22.) If the environment changes, natural selection

1. Favors new sets of phenotypes.
2. Resists the creation of new phenotypes.
3. Will kill off all organisms from old phenotypes.
4. All the above.

23.) Evolution is directional and linear.

1. True
2. False

24.) Evolution occurs at the ______.

1. Individual level
2. Population level
3. Bacterial level
4. None of the above

25.) Parent and daughter cells are clones.

1. True
2. False

26.) Which of the following is more highly evolved?

1. Cockroach
2. Human
3. Neither
4. Both are equally evolved