EOC STUDY GUIDE
What are the 11 different body systems?
SkeletalMuscularCardiovascular or CirculatoryLymphatic or ImmuneRespiratory
DigestiveUrinaryReproductiveIntegumentaryNervous
Endocrine
What is anatomy?
The study of the structures of the body
What is physiology?
The study of the functions of these structures
List the description of the body when in Anatomic Position.
Standing up so the body is erect, facing forward, Arms at the side, Palms of the hands facing the front
List and describe the body planes.
Midsagittal plane – vertical plane that divides the body from top to bottom into equal left and right portions
Coronal/Frontal plane – divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Horizontal/Transverse plane – divides the body into superior and inferior or upper and lower portions
List and describe the different body cavities.
Dorsal cavity – consists of the cranial (skull and brain) and spinal (vertebrae and spinal cord) cavities
Ventral cavity – consists of the thoracic cavity (chest region), abdominal cavity (stomach), and pelvic cavity
What are a genetic disorder and a congenital disorder?
Genetic – AKA hereditary disorders are diseases or conditions caused by a defective gene transmitted by parents.
Congenital – an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth and may be caused by a developmental disorder before birth, prenatal influences, premature birth, or injuries during birth.
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Bones act as the framework of the body, Support and protect internal organs, Joints in conjunction with muscles, ligaments, and tendons allow the body to move, Stores calcium needed for nerve and muscle function, Stores the red bone marrow needed for the formation of blood.
Describe the different types of joints.
Sutures – jagged line where bones join and form a joint that does not move
Symphysis – where two bones join and are held firmly together so that they function as one bone
Synovial – movable joints in the body, i.e. Ball & Socket : hips and shoulders Hinge: knees and elbows
What is the axial and appendicular skeleton?
Axial – consists of the skull, spinal column, and sternum which protect the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems.
Appendicular – consists of upper and lower extremities which makes body movement possible and protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction.
List the different types of fractures.
Greenstick (incomplete) usually occurs in children, closed (simple, complete), open (compound)
Comminuted (splintered or crushed), compression (bone is pressed together), spiral (bone twisted apart)
Stress (small crack in the bone)
What are the functions of the muscles?
Hold the body erect and make movement possible, movement generates 85% of the body’s heat, moves food through the digestive tract, movement aids in blood flow through the veins, moves fluid through the body
What are the 3 types of muscles?
Skeletal – muscles attach bones to the skeleton, AKA Striated, they are voluntary muscles
Smooth – AKA involuntary or visceral muscles that are located in the walls of internal organs such as digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands that move involuntarily
Cardiac – forms the muscular wall of the heart, AKA myocardium
What are the characteristics of muscles?
Arranged in antagonistic pairs, able to contract and relax, maintains tone (a state of balanced muscle tension
Describe blood flow through the heart.
Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the superior & inferior vena cava, then enters the right atrium, goes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle. It then goes through the pulmonary semilunar valve out the pulmonary arteries into the lungs. It returns from the lungs oxygenated and enters through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium and goes through the bicuspid or mitral valve into the left ventricle and up though the aortic semilunar valve to the aorta and out to the body.
Which vessels carry deoxygenated blood?
Veins
Which vessels carry oxygenated blood?
Arteries
Which artery is the only one to carry deoxygenated blood? Which vein is the only one to carry oxygenated blood?
Pulmonary ArteryPulmonary Vein
When referring to blood pressure, what do the top and bottom numbers stand for?
Top is the systolic pressure (ventricles contract). Bottom is the diastolic pressure (ventricles relaxed).
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Absorbs fats & fat-soluble vitamins and transports them to the cells.
Return cellular waste products and excess fluid from the tissues to the circulatory system.
Serve as an important part of the immune system.
What are the functions of the immune system?
Protects the body from harmful substances including pathogens, allergens, toxins, and malignant cells.
Antigen – any substance such as a virus, bacterium, toxin, or tissue the body regards as foreign.
Antibody – a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen.
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
Bring oxygen-rich air into the body for delivery to the blood cells.
Expel waste products (CO2 & H2O) that have been returned to the lungs by the blood.
Produce the air flow through the larynx that makes speech possible.
What are the structures of the respiratory system?
Nose, Tonsils, Sinuses, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea (consisting of the Bronchial tree, and Alveoli), Lungs, Mediastinum, Pleura, and Diaphragm
What are the parts of the Pharynx?
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
What are the functions of the digestive system?
The intake & digestion of food
The absorption of nutrients from digested food
The elimination of solid waste products
What are the structures of the digestive system?
Oral (Buccal) Cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small & Large Intestine, Rectum, and Anus
Describe the route in which food takes when you eat something.
It enters the mouth, goes down the pharynx (throat), epiglottis opens allowing food to enter the esophagus, the lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter opens, it enters the stomach, goes through the pyloric sphincter, to the small intestine (where most absorption occurs), goes through the illocecal sphincter, to the large intestine (cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, & sigmoid colon), into the Rectum through the anal sphincter and out the Anus.
List the parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum
What are the functions of the urinary system?
-Maintain proper balance of water, salts, and acids in the body fluids by removing excess fluids from the body or reabsorbing water as needed.
- Constantly filters the blood to remove urea and other waste materials from the bloodstream. Urea is the major waste product of protein metabolism.
- Converts these waste products and excess fluids into urine in the kidneys and excretes them from the body via the urinary bladder.
What are the structures of the urinary system?
Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra
What is the function of the nervous system?
With the brain as its center, coordinates and controls all bodily activities.
What are the structures of the nervous system?
The brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs
What are the 3 parts of the nervous system.
Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System, and Autonomic Nervous System
The brainstem consists of what?
Midbrain (provides conduction pathways to and from higher and lower centers), Pons (nerve cells cross from one side of the brain to control the opposite side of the body), Medulla Oblongata (controls basic life functions including muscles of respiration, heart rate, and BP)
What are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves?
Olfactory (responsible for smell), Optic (responsible for sight), Trigeminal (responsible for facial sensation), Acoustic (hearing), Vagus (digestion & respiration), Accessory (movement of neck), Hypoglossal (below the tongue), glossopharyngeal (mouth, throat, other areas of the head), Oculomotor (eye), Trochlear, Abducens
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 C1-C5 (cervical/neck nerves), C5-T1 (lower neck and beginning of thorax), T2-T9 (thoracic region), L1-L5 (lumbar region), and S1-S5 (sacral region)
What are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic (Fight or Flight) and Parasympathetic that brings your body back to its normal state
What is the function of the integumentary system?
-Waterproofs the body and prevents fluid loss
-Intact skin plays an important role in the immune system
-Skin is the major receptor for the sense of touch
-Skin helps the body synthesize vitamin D from the sun’s UV rays, while screening out harmful UV radiation
What are the functions of the related structures to the integumentary system?
Sebaceous glands (oil glands) secrete sebum (oil) which lubricates the skin and discourages the growth of bacteria on the skin
Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands) regulate body temp and water content by secreting sweat. Also, a small amount of metabolic waste is excreted through the sweat glands.
Hair – helps control the loss of body heat
Nails – protect the dorsal surface of the last bone of each toe and finger
What are the 3 layers of the skin?
Epidermis (outer layer), Dermis (middle layer), and Subcutaneous layer (inner layer)
What are the 3 classifications of burns?
1st degree – superficial burn (sunburn): No blisters, superficial damage to the epidermis
2nd degree – partial-thickness burns: Blisters, superficial damage to the epidermis
3rd degree – full-thickness burns: Damage to the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
To produce hormones that is secreted directly into the bloodstream. They are able to reach cells and organs thoughout the body.
What are the major structures or glands of the endocrine system?
Pituitary gland – AKA master gland controls the activity of the other endocrine glands (maintains appropriate blood level of each hormone)
Thyroid gland – (butterfly shaped) and lies on either side of the larynx, it regulates the body’s metabolism
Parathyroid glands – 4 of them located within the thyroid, they regulate calcium levels throughout the body
Adrenal glands – 2 of them each one is located on top of a kidney, they control the electrolyte levels
Pancreas – feather-shaped organ posterior to the stomach, it is part of the digestive system (produce insulin)
Thymus – midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity posterior to sternum helps in the immune sys
Pineal gland – central part of brain, function not really known, but it influences sleep-wakefulness cycle
Gonads – 2 of them, ovaries in females and testicles in males, secrete hormones that cause secondary sex characteristics, part of the reproductive sys
What is the function of the male reproductive system?
Produce millions of sperm and deliver them to unite with a single ovum (egg) to create new life.
What are the major external male organs?
Penis, Scrotum, 2 testicles each with attached epididymis
What is the function of the female reproductive system?
The creation and support of new life:
The ovaries produce eggs to be fertilized by the sperm
The uterus provides the environment and support for the developing child
After birth, the breasts produce milkin the mammary glands to feed the child
What are the external structures of the female genitalia?
Labia, Clitoris, Bartholin’s glands, and Perineum
List and describe the different leadership styles.
Democratic – encourages the participation of all individuals in decisions that have to be made or problems that have to be solved.
Laissez-Faire – informal leader; believes in noninterference in the affairs of others, strive for minimal rules, allows for group members to function in an independent manner with little or no direction.
Autocratic – AKA dictator, maintains total rule, makes all the decisions, and has difficulty delegating duties.
What is empathy?
Being able to identify with and understand another person’s feelings, situation, and motives. Understanding the needs of people and learning effective communication techniques is one way to develop empathy.
What is Honesty?
Having integrity and truthfulness; others must be able to trust you at all times. You must be willing to admit mistakes so they can be corrected.
What is Dependability?
You should accept responsibility required in your position. Be prompt in reporting to work or meeting deadlines.
What is being willing to learn?
A person learns and adapts to changes. Whenever there is a new invention or technique or technological changes, a healthcare worker must be willing to learn the new way of performing their duties.
What is patience?
You must be tolerant and understanding. You must learn to control your temper in difficult situations. Learning to deal with frustration and overcome obstacles is important.
What is acceptance of criticism?
You must be willing to accept criticism from others regardless if it is from a coworker, supervisor, patient, or whoever. We all have room to grow and must realize and accept that.
What is enthusiasm?
You must enjoy your work and display a positive attitude.
What is self-motivation?
The ability to begin or to follow through with a task
What is tact?
You have the ability to say or do the kindest or most fitting thing in a difficult situation. It implies a consideration for the feelings of others.
What is competence?
You are qualified and capable of performing a task. You follow instructions, use approved procedures, and strive for accuracy in all you do.
What is responsibility?
It implies being willing to be held accountable for your actions. You are doing what you are supposed to.
What is discretion?
It is the ability to use good judgement in what you say and do especially when dealing with confidentiality.
What is a deductible, co-insurance, and co-payment?
Deductible – amount that must be paid by the patient for medical services before the policy begins to pay
Co-insurance – requires that specific percentages of expenses are shared by the patient and insurance company; 80/20
Co-payment – a specific amount of money a patient pays for a particular service; $10 for a regular visit
What is HMO (Health Maint. Organization) and PPO (Preferred Provider Organization)
HMO –an insurance plan that provides a managed care plan for the delivery of health care services. A monthly fee or premium is paid for membership, and the fee stays the same regardless of amt. of health care used.
PPO – an insurance plan usually provided by large industries or companies to their employees. Allows for employees to get care at a reduced cost with certain facilities.
What is Medicare, Medicaid, Medigap, and Tricare?
Medicare – federal govt. program that provides health care for almost all indiv.over 65yrs, persons with disability who has received social security for at least 2 years, and for persons with end stage renal disease.
Type A = hospital insuranceType B = medical insurance Type D = pharmaceutical expenses
Medicaid – medical assistance program that is jointly funded by the federal govt. and states govt. but operated by individual states.
Medigap– insurance plans that help pay expenses not covered by Medicare. The enrollee pays a premium
Tricare – U.S. govt. health insurance plan for all military personnel.
What are the 5 components of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)?
1Health Care Access, Portability, and Renewability: limits exclusions on preexisting conditions to allow for the continuance of insurance even with job changes.
2Preventing Health Care Fraud and Abuse; Administrative Simplification, and Medical Liability Form: establishes methods for preventing fraud and abuse and imposes sanctions or penalties if fraud or abuse does occur.
3Tax-Related Health Provisions: promotes the use of medical savings accounts (MSA’s) by allowing tax deductions for monies placed in the accounts.
4Application and Enforcement of Group Health Plan Requirements: establishes standards that require group health care plans to offer portability, access, and renewability to all members of the group.
5Revenue Offsets: provides changes to the International Revenue Code for HIPAA expenses
What is a tort?
A wrongful act that does not involve a contract; a civil wrong instead of a crime; occurs when a person is harmed or injured because a health care provider does not meet established or expected standards of care.
What is malpractice?
“bad practice” or “professional negligence” The failure of a professional to use the degree of skill and learning commonly expected in that individual’s profession, resulting in injury, loss, or damage to the person receiving care. (Dr. not giving tetanus injection to a pt with a wound or a nurse performing surgery w/o training)