Civilization
/ Era / Key Terms and people /Key Ideas
/ Key ContributionsScientific Revolution
/ 1500s – 1700s / Scientific RevolutionScientific Method
Heliocentric
Galileo
Newton / From the 1500s through the 1700s, Europeans
· Experienced the Scientific Revolution which caused people to change their views about the universe / · The Scientific Method relied on observation over past authority, thereby it was a rejection of traditional authority (Church)
· Scientists used reason to discover truth
· By applying the scientific method, scholars thought they could solve the problems of society
European Enlightenment / 1600’s – 1700’s / Natural Law
John Locke
Montesquieu
Voltaire
Rousseau / From the 1500s through the 1700s, Europeans:
· Entered the Enlightenment, in which philosophers applied reason to society and government
· Developed ideas about basic human rights and proper government
· Began to consider democratic ideas and the concept of nationalism / Locke: all people possess “Natural Rights” – Life, Liberty and Property. If a government does not protect these rights, the people have the right to overthrow
Montesquieu: Separation of powers
Voltaire: satirist who believed in free speech and freedom of religion
Rousseau: The Social Contract: believed in the common good over individual goodEffects:
· Inspired ideas of individualism
· A belief in personal freedom
· A sense of the basic equality of human beings
· Growth of nationalism
· Contribute to the age of Revolution
French Revolution / 1789 - 1812 / Estates General
Robespierre
Napoleonic Code
Declaration of the Rights of Man
The Terror / · French revolutionaries rebelled against absolute monarchy and reformed the French social order
· Napoleon spread democratic ideals and nationalism across Europe /
Causes of the Revolution
1. Absolute Monarchy2. Social Inequality (Third Estate pays all taxes
3. Economic Injustice (Bad harvests cause food prices to rise
4. Enlightenment ideas (Natural Rights)
5. English and American Examples
Effects of the FR
1. Napoleon’s conquests spread ideals of Democracy throughout Europe2. Napoleon’s conquests increased nationalistic feelings throughout Europe and the world
3. The French Rev becomes the model and inspiration to people who want to overthrow their government
Reaction against Revolutionary ideas / 1812-1848 / Congress of Vienna
Prince Metternich
Balance of power
Conservatism
Liberalism / After the French Revolution, there was a reaction against revolutionary ideals:
· Conservative leaders at the Congress of Vienna opposed revolutionary ideals
· New uprisings across Europe were largely unsuccessful /
Congress of Vienna: Goals
· To prevent France from ever going to war again· To return Europe to the way it was pre Revolution
Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
Liberalism and Nationalism led people to revolt across EuropeImpact:
Revolutions frightened Monarchs and led to some reform
Global Nationalism / 1812- 1914 / Bismarck
Mazzini
Garibaldi
Cavour / The force of Nationalism:
· Led to a united Germany and Italy in the late 1800s
· Created conflict in the Balkans by the early 1900s / · German nationalism was led by the state of Prussia and Otto von Bismarck
· Bismarck used “Blood and Iron” to unify Germany
· Italy was unified under the leadership of Count Cavour
· The Balkans are a multi-ethnic region that has a long history of war: The “Powder keg of Europe”
Industrial Revolution / 1800s / Agrarian Revolution
Laissez faire
Adam Smith / In the 1700s and 1800s I Europe:
· The Agrarian Revolution led to population growth
· The Industrial Revolution eventually transformed economic systems and social conditions around the world
· People proposed different ways to deal with the problems created by industrialism
· Economic life became more global, and mass migrations of people occurred / · A 2nd Agricultural Revolution creates an increase in food production which in turn creates a population explosion
· Industrial Revolution was the period, beginning around 1750, I which, the means of production of goods shifted from hand tools to complex machines, and from human and animal power to steam power
Effects:
· The change of economic systems from mercantilism to Laissez Faire (free market capitalism)
· Rise of big businesses
· New class structure emerged – middle class gained wealth
· Urbanization
· Poor working conditions led to reform movements
· Social roles changed for all
· Improved transportation
· Rising standard of living
Changes brought about attempts at reforming the excesses of Industrialism
· Socialism:
· Marxism:
o History a class struggle between wealthy capitalists and the working class
o The working class should take control of the means of production and establish a classless society
o The Soviet Union, in 1917 would adopt Marx’s ideas in which government officials made all economic decisions
Imperialism
/ Mid 1800s – 1950s / · Sphere of influence· Imperialism / The Imperialism that emerged in the mid 1800s had a lasting impact on the world:
· Powerful industrialized nations sought to gain power and economic might by building empires
· Through economic and military power, Britain colonized and dominated India
· European nations divided the continent of Africa
· Western powers and Japanese established spheres of influence in China / Causes of Imperialism:
· Economy: need for natural resources; markets; place to invest profits
· Politics and Military: Bases for trade and navy; Spirit of nationalism
· Society: “White Man’s Burden”; spread Christianity and Western Civilization
· Science and Innovation: New weapons
Scramble for Africa:
· European nations “scrambled” to Imperialize Africa
· To avoid conflict among European Nations, they met at The Berlin Conference to divide Africa
Impact of Imperialism:
Short Term Effects
· Traditional political and social units were disrupted or destroyed
· Local economies became dependant on industrialized powers
· Western culture spread to new regions
Long Term effects:
· Cultural diffusion: both ways
· Industrial nations controlled the new global economy
· Conflict between imperial powers
World War I
/ 1914-1918 / · Militarism· Central Powers
· Allied Powers
· Trench warfare
· Total war
· Propaganda / World War I· Was caused by nationalism, militarism, imperialism and the alliance system
· Was sparked in the Balkans and blossomed into a global war
· Was fought with highly destructive weapons, made possible by advances in technology
· Resulted in enormous human and economic losses / Militarism: glorification of military power
Alliance System: all for one . . .
Imperialism: Competition for colonies
Nationalism: country’s greatness determined by war
· Started in the Balkans with the assassination of Heir to Austrian throne: Franz-Ferdinand
· Trench warfare, machine gun, poison gas all led to many deaths
· First total war: all nations resources go into fighting
Turning Points· Entry of US
· Russian withdrawal
Russian Revolution / 1917-1925 / · Lenin
· Stalin
· New Economic Policy
· Bolshevik
· Totalitarian
· Command economy / Revolution brought major changes to Russia, In the early 1900s:
· Dissatisfaction with czarist rule, peasant unrest and economic problems led to revolution
· Bolsheviks under Lenin took control of the Russian government during WWI
· Stalin created a communist dictatorship that controlled every aspect of its citizens lives
· Stalin’s economic policies brought industrialization and widespread starvation to Russia / · Lenin and the Bolsheviks gained power by promising “Peace, Land and Bread”
· The people were tired of Russia’s involvement in the World War.
· Peasants wanted land reform.
· Everyone wanted shortages of food and other goods to end
· Lenin took over all the banks, factories and railroads
· He encouraged some private ownership in his New Economic Policy NEP
· Stalin succeeded Lenin after a bloody purge
· Stalin was a totalitarian ruler who controlled every aspect of the people’s lives
· Stalin instituted a Command Economy- every economic decision would be made by government
· In order to industrialize the Soviet Union, Stalin implemented a series of 5-year plans and forced collectivization of farms which created a forced famine
Between the Wars / 1918-1939 / · Treaty of Versailles
· League of Nations
· Great Depression
· Benito Mussolini
· Adolph Hitler / After World War I:
· The Treaty of Versailles severely punished Germany
· New nations formed and old empires collapsed
· Women gained the right to vote in many countries
· The global economy experienced a severe downturn
· Fascist powers took control in Italy and Germany / · World War I was concluded with the Treaty of Versailles, which imposed a harsh peace (reparations, war guilt, military restrictions) on Germany.
· This treaty created resentment in Germany towards the other European countries.
· WWI caused the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires. New nations were carved out of their former territories
· Increased Global interdependence contributed to the first Global depression
· This depression led some to question democratic capitalism
· Strong leaders in Italy and Germany promised solutions- Fascism
· Fascism is the rule of a people by a totalitarian government that is both nationalistic and imperialistic
World War II / 1939 - 1945 / · Appeasement
· Winston Churchill
· Concentration Camp
· Holocaust
· United Nations
· Hiroshima / World War II
· Began when aggressive empire building by Germany, Italy and Japan was opposed by Great Britain and France
· Was very destructive because of the technological power of new weaponry
· Was a total was that involved civilians as well as the military
· Created political and geographic divisions within Europe
· Affected Global Politics and culture for many years / · In order to avoid war, Leaders of Great Britain and France engaged in a policy known as appeasement: to give in to aggressive demands in order to maintain peace
· New technology, such as the Atomic Bomb arose from WWII
· The Holocaust was an example of genocide
· Impact of WWII
· Throughout Europe, cities were in ruin. The economies of war-torn countries took many years to recover
· The Nuremberg War crimes trial held individual leaders personally responsible for war time atrocities
· The United Nations was formed in an attempt to prevent war
· The world was split between communist and democratic nations – The Cold War
Cold War / 1945-1989 / · Iron Curtain
· Superpower
· Satellite
· Truman Doctrine
· Containment
· Marshall Plan
· NATO
· Warsaw Pact
· Nonaligned nation / After WWII:
· West Germany and Japan developed democratic governments
· The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers with different political and economic systems
· The Cold War developed and the superpowers confronted one another throughout the world
· The United Nations tried to maintain peace / · The United Sates attempted to thwart the spread of communism through containment
· The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan were attempts to economically help war-torn nations in order to prevent communist revolutions
· NATO was formed by the West and the Warsaw Pact was formed by Soviet aligned nations
· The Hungarian and Czechoslovakian revolts were attempts by Soviet satellites to free themselves from Soviet domination – both were brutally repressed
· The Arms race was a competition to build up Nuclear Arms between the USSR and the USA
· Korea, Viet Nam and Afghanistan were wars where superpowers supported opposing sides
· Nonaligned nations did not side with either the Soviet Union or the USA. They were led by India
Collapse of Communism / 1989 / · Détente
· Mikhail Gorbachev
· Perestroika
· Glasnost
· Boris Yeltsin / Between the 1970 and 1990., the Soviet Union broke up, and communist control of Eastern Europe ended. During this period:
· The invasion of Afghanistan weakened the Soviet Union
· Gorbachev’s reforms led to the end of the Soviet Union
· Communist governments fell in Eastern Europe
· Ethnic divisions led to civil wars and the creation of new nations / 1970’s: The US and USSR entered into a period of Détente – a lessening of tensions which involved: arms control talks and treaties, cultural exchanges and trade agreements
1980’s Gorbachev reformed Soviet government through the policies of Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring of the state run economy. This opened the flood gates of discontent and led to the collapse of the Soviet Union
1989: The Soviet satellites leave and become independent states. The Berlin Wall falls. In general, peaceful
1990 – Present
Under Communism, ethnic tensions had been suppressed. Nationalism has led to the division of many countries in Eastern Europe along with war in the Balkans and a policy of Ethnic Cleansing by the Serbians