Lampreys are the first ______. Gnathostomes are vertebrates that have ______. The first class of animals that had jaws were ______, which were primarily made of cartilage. This class includes sharks, rays, and their relatives. The jaw arose from ______, which originally gave structure to the gill slit area and fused together. Along with the jaw, Chondrichthyes developed an enlarged ______for smell and vision. They also developed the ______line system, which allowed them to sense vibrations and be oriented in the water. Sharks have a short/long digestive tract with a ridge called the ______to increase digestive surface area. Sharks have one common opening called the ______for the excretory system, digestive tract, and reproductive tract.

Vertebrates, jaws, chondrichthyes, skeletal rods, forebrain, lateral, spiral valve, cloaca

Matching:

A)Oviparous B) ovoviviparous C) Viviparous

  1. The embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished through a yolk sac placenta from the mother’s blood. C
  2. The embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk. B
  3. Eggs hatch outside the mother’s body. A

T/F All sharks show external fertilization. False; all show internal

T/F Sharks can detect electrical fields. True

T/F Sharks cannot be suspension feeders. False

T/F Sharks must be constantly swimming in order to breathe and live. True

Actinopterygii(“bony fish”) developed ______derivatives called gills. They also developed a mineralized skeleton. The ______is the cover of the gills. Actinopterygii contain a ______that fills with gas in order to maintain buoyant in water and allows it to swim at different depths.

Lung, operculum, swim bladder

Sarcopterygii (“lobe-finned fish”) developed ______-______, which showed muscular pelvic and pectoral fins. The 3 lineages include the ______, ______, and ______.

Lobe-fins, coelacanths, lungfishes, tetrapods

Tetrapods are gnathostomes that have ______. The fossil “Tiktaalik” is supposedly the first land tetrapod, which showed both fish and tetrapod characteristics. The derived characteristics that this tetrapod showed were four ______with digits, a ______(allowed for separate movement of head), fusion of pelvic girdle to the backbone, absence of ______(introduction of lungs), and ______(for detecting airborne sounds).

Limbs; limbs, neck, gills, ears

T/F The tetrapod, Tiktaalik, was the first land animal.

Order Urodela includes ______because they have tails at adulthood. Order Anura includes ______. Is fertilization usually external?

Salamander, frogs, yes

______aretetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg. How many extraembryonic membranes are there? The ______protects the embryo in a fluid-filled cavity that cushions against mechanical shock. The ______is a disposal sac for wastes. The ______exchanges gases between the embryo and the air. The ______contains the yolk, which holds all of the nutrients. Is fertilization internal?

Amniotes, 4, amnion, allantois, chorion, yolk sac

Reptiles were the first ______and have ______on their skin to create a waterproof barrier; they lay ______and breathe with ______. Most reptiles are cold-blooded or ______, absorbing external heat as the main source of body heat while bird are ______or warm-blooded, capable of keeping the body warm through metabolism. Birds have ______, which are modified scales. The birds developed a ______-chambered heart.

Scales, eggs, lungs, ectothermic, endothermic, feathers

T/F Most reptiles and birds are oviparous.

T/F In order to fly, birds’ adaptations include pneumatic bones, lack of a urinary bladder, one ovary, small gonads, and loss of teeth.

The characteristics of mammals include mammary glands, which produce ______, hair, a _____-chambered heart, a larger ______, and differentiated ______. The 3 living lineages of mammals include the ______, ______, and ______.

Milk, four, brain, teeth, monotremes, marsupials, eutherians

T/F Themonotremes are amniotes that are viviparous. False, they oviparous because they lay eggs.

T/F Marsupial embryos develop within a placenta and are born very early in development. True

Primates developed ______locomotion, a large ______, depth perception, complex social behavior and parental care, and an ______thumb.

Bipedal, brain, opposable

The 2 recent human ancestors you have to know are the Australopiths and Neanderthals. Just know that we arose from several lineages of bipedal species. They had upright posture, reduced jawbones, and shorter digestive tracts.