Supplementary Online Resource

Variations in an African Grey Parrot’s Speech Patterns Following Ignored and Denied Requests

Animal Cognition

Erin Colbert-White*, Hannah C. Hall, Dorothy M. Fragaszy

*

Table 1

Nonword Sound Coding Scheme

CODE / DESCRIPTION / CODE / DESCRIPTION
AM / Telephone answering machine beep / LS / Laser sound
CR / Crow caw / LSW / “Laser sound-ID-whistle” combination
DS / Any dog bark, gruff, or howl / MWH / Miscellaneous one-note whistle
DSS / Any dog bark, gruff, or howl sequence / NWM / Miscellaneous non-whistle
DO / Door opening creak / NWMS / Miscellaneous non-whistle sequence
DOS / Door opening creak sequence / OOO / “Ooh” and other long-o sounds
DUW / Duet whistle / OU / “Oww” as in pain
DUWS / Duet whistle sequence / OW / Owl hoot
DW / Dog whine/whimper / PH / Telephone dialing beep
DWS / Dog whine/whimper sequence / PHS / More than five telephone dialing beeps
FR / Frog croak / RI / Telephone ring
HA / Hawk vocalization / RIS / Telephone ring sequence
HAS / Hawk vocalization sequence / WBI / Wild miscellaneous songbird
ID / Indistinguishable / WBIS / Wild miscellaneous songbird sequence
KS / Kiss sound / WF / “Woo-woo-woo” or “woo” (B. J.’s vocalization of a dog barking)
KSS / Kiss sound sequence / WW / Wolf whistle
LA / Laugh / WWS / Wolf whistle sequence
Note:“Sequence” = Vocalization repeatedly uttered for more than 4 seconds. “Duet whistle” = Melodic whistling, not natural bird vocalization.

Table 2

Social and Nonsocial Vocalization Classification

Social / Nonsocial
Betty Jean wanna kiss
Betty Jean wanna kiss the feathers
Come here
Come here please
Cosmo wanna go for a walk
Cosmo wanna go up
Cosmo wanna peanut
DUW
DUW I’m here
Fine thank you
Fine thanks how are you
Goodbye
Goodbye love you
Hello
Hello Cos
Hello hi how are you
Here you are
Hi
How are you
I love you
I’m here
Kiss
KS
Look
Look Cosmo
Look wanna kiss KS
Okay goodbye
Okay goodbye NWM
Wanna
Wanna come here
Wanna cuddle
Wanna kiss
Wanna peanut
Wannawhi DUW
Want kiss
What bach
What’s bach
What’s bye
What that
What’s that
Where are you
WW / [BJ phone number digits]
A beak
AM
Be good bird
Betty Jean have go in a car
Come Mary
Cos be a good bird
Cos don’t bite okay
Cosmo be a good okay
Cosmo go up
Cosmo go up here
Cosmo is a birdie
Cosmo is a birdie has feathers
Cosmo’s a good bird
Cosmo we’re gonna go for a walk
CR
DO
DOS
DS
DSS
DW
DWS
Go up
Go up here
Hello Kerri
Here step up
Hi Tom
LA
LA OOO
LS
Mary come on
MWH
No
No more peanut
NWM
Okay
Okay back Cosmo
Okay Cos
Okay go up
Okay let’s go to kitchen
Okay step up here step up
Okay wanna go for a walk
OOO
Peanut
Peanute in cage
PH
RI
Squirrel
Step up
Telephone for bird
That’s birdie
That’s clothes
That’s squirrel
That’s tele
That’s tele for bird
Wanna be a good bird
Wanna go back cage
WBI
What a good bird
We’ll be back soon be back
We’re gonna go for a walk
We’re gonna go in a car
You have reached
You have reached five hello

Table 3

Twenty Most Frequently Uttered Vocalizations and Respective Frequencies

Rank / Baseline / Ignored / Denied
1 / 26 / DUW / 31 / KS / 83 / wanna
2 / 26 / NWM / 22 / wanna / 69 / Cosmo
3 / 25 / you / 18 / cosmo / 49 / KS
4 / 22 / here / 17 / DUW / 40 / a
5 / 22 / WBI / 16 / here / 35 / bird
6 / 20 / I / 11 / go / 33 / DUW
7 / 20 / KS / 10 / come / 31 / be
8 / 16 / bird / 10 / no / 31 / okay
9 / 16 / okay / 9 / kiss / 29 / good
10 / 16 / PH / 8 / betty / 28 / here
11 / 15 / cosmo / 8 / up / 26 / kiss
12 / 13 / are / 6 / I / 25 / NWM
13 / 13 / good / 6 / okay / 23 / go
14 / 13 / that / 5 / NWM / 22 / up
15 / 12 / a / 4 / cuddle / 20 / no
16 / 11 / WW / 4 / MWH / 20 / that
17 / 10 / go / 3 / a / 18 / come
18 / 10 / up / 3 / be / 17 / Betty
19 / 9 / Betty / 3 / Cos / 16 / bite
20 / 9 / what / 3 / feathers / 14 / Jean