Summary of Dependent Clauses and Subordinating Conjunctions (2013) Jeffrey Scott Longstaff

  1. Adjective Clauses(aka Relative clauses, Attributive clauses) Subordinating Conjunctions

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1.1. / Adjective clauses modifying people (or animals) / who, to whom, for whom, that, whose
1.2. / Adjective clauses modifying things (or concepts) / which, in which, that
1.3. / Adjective clauses modifying places / where, that, in which
1.4. / Adjective clauses modifying times (days, dates, eras) / when
1.5. / Adjective clauses modifying explanations / why, that

The subordinating conjunctioncan include prepositions, for example:

-from which, upon which, within which, at which, on which, under which, above which, of which,

-with whom, above whom, from whom, for whom, to whom

Adjectives clauses
are either: / Essential / (aka restrictive, defining) / - Not separated with commas
Non-essential / (aka non-restrictive, not defining) / - Separated with commas
  1. Adverb Clauses(aka Adverbial clauses)Subordinating Conjunctions

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2.1. / Adverb clauses of condition / if / unless / in case / provided that / whether
- under what conditions or circumstances an action occurs
2.2. / Adverb clauses of reason / Purposeful reasons:
/ in order to / in order that / so that [“that” can be omitted]
Either purposeful or unintentional reasons:
because / since / as / for / given / such that
(aka “purpose”, “cause”)
- why an action occurs
2.3. / Adverb clauses of result / that / so ...... that / such ...... that
(aka “effect”) - what the outcome or effect of an action is
2.4. / Adverb clauses of time / when / whenever / every time / before / after
until / till (until that time)
while (during that time) / as / as long as / so long as
once / as soon as / since / ever since / now that
- when an action occurs
2.5. / Adverb clauses of place / where / wherever / anywhere / everywhere
where an action occurs
2.6. / Adverb clauses of manner / as / as if / like / just like / the way
- describing how an action is done
2.7. / Adverb clauses of comparison / than / so..... as..... / as..... as.....
(aka “degree”) - comparing adjectives or adverbs to describe how much, how often, or to what degree or extent an action occurs
2.8. / Adverb clauses of contrast / although / though / even though / while / whereas
in spite of + noun / despite + noun
(aka “concession”) - conceding that contrasting (opposing) actions can both exist together
  1. Noun Clauses(aka Nominal clauses, Substantive clauses) Subordinating Conjunctions

...-----...... / (can be used in any type of noun clause)
3.1. / Noun clauses as the Subject (akaSubjective clause)
3.1.1.Formal subject (the word order - grammatical subject)
3.1.2.Real subject (the meaning - logical subject) / that
[can be omitted if clause is an object]
what, where, when,
why, which, how
whether
if
3.2. / Noun clauses as Complement of the subject (akaPredicative clause)
3.3. / Noun clauses as an Object (akaObjective clause)
3.3.1.Object of a verb
3.3.2.Object of a preposition
3.4. / Noun clauses as an Appositive (akaAppositive clause)