Units X and XI Test

Units X and XI Test

1. / Abraham Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied the need for
A) / reciprocal determinism.
B) / an external locus of control.
C) / self-actualization.
D) / unconditional positive regard.
E) / an internal locus of control.
2. / Which theorist emphasized that an individual's personal growth is promoted by interactions with others who are genuine, accepting, and empathic?
A) / Gordon Allport
B) / Carl Jung
C) / Carl Rogers
D) / Sigmund Freud
E) / Albert Bandura
3. / A bell-shaped curve that characterizes a large sample of intelligence test scores is a graphic representation of a
A) / factor analysis.
B) / normal distribution.
C) / heritability estimate.
D) / savant syndrome.
E) / g factor.
4. / Howard Gardner identified a total of ______intelligences.
A) / three
B) / five
C) / eight
D) / twelve
E) / fifteen
5. / Which perspective on personality emphasizes the importance of our capacity for healthy growth and self-realization?
A) / psychoanalytic
B) / social-cognitive
C) / humanistic
D) / trait
E) / terror-management
6. / About ______percent of WAIS scores fall between 70 and 130.
A) / 10
B) / 30
C) / 60
D) / 70
E) / 95
7. / In 8 to 10 seconds, memory whiz Kim Peek can read and remember the contents of a book page. Yet, he has little capacity for understanding abstract concepts. Kim's mental capacities best illustrate
A) / autism.
B) / Down syndrome.
C) / emotional intelligence.
D) / savant syndrome.
E) / stereotype threat.
8. / The Oedipus complex is the term used by Freud to describe
A) / the erogenous zones that are the focus of the latency stage.
B) / the passive dependence of someone who is orally fixated.
C) / children's efforts to overcome feelings of inferiority.
D) / boys' feelings of guilt and fear of punishment over their sexual desire for their mother.
E) / girls' feelings of jealously and superiority caused by their close relationships with their father.
9. / Everyone would agree that intelligence tests are “biased” in the sense that
A) / test performance is influenced by cultural experiences.
B) / the reliability of intelligence tests is close to zero.
C) / the heritability of intelligence is very high.
D) / numerical scores of intelligence serve to dehumanize individuals.
E) / reliability may be low but the content validity of IQ tests is high.
10. / Tests that present ambiguous stimuli designed to uncover hidden personality dynamics are called ______tests.
A) / empirical
B) / projective
C) / multiphasic personality
D) / factor analytic
E) / aptitude
11. / Freud emphasized that the id operates on the ______principle.
A) / self-transcendence
B) / collectivism
C) / identity
D) / pleasure
E) / ego
12. / The ability to control one's impulses and delay immediate pleasures in pursuit of long-term goals is most clearly a characteristic of
A) / emotional intelligence.
B) / heritability.
C) / mental age.
D) / savant syndrome.
E) / divergent thinking.
13. / When John McKay nervously began teaching his first class, he overestimated the extent to which his students would notice that he was anxious. His reaction best illustrates
A) / self-serving bias.
B) / an Electra complex.
C) / the spotlight effect.
D) / the self-reference phenomenon.
E) / reciprocal determinism.
14. / After an argument with your girlfriend, you go to the gym and lift weights to burn off your pent-up energy. Your action best illustrates which defense mechanism?
A) / displacement.
B) / projection.
C) / reaction formation.
D) / rationalization.
E) / sublimation.
15. / In developing a test of intellectual ability for Parisian schoolchildren, Binet and Simon assumed that
A) / the test would measure capacities that were determined by heredity and thus unalterable.
B) / the test would yield an intelligence quotient consisting of chronological age divided by mental age multiplied by 100.
C) / a bright child would perform like a normal child of an older age.
D) / measures of physical and sensory skills would be good predictors of school achievement.
E) / intelligence tests translated into French would be more valid than other tests.
16. / After learning about his low score on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Gunter complained, “I don't believe that test is a measure of intelligence at all.” Gunter's statement is equivalent to saying that the WAIS lacks
A) / standardization.
B) / reliability.
C) / validity.
D) / a normal distribution.
E) / factor analysis.
17. / The sort of problem solving that demonstrates “school smarts” is what researchers have historically assessed in their tests of
A) / inductive reasoning.
B) / intelligence.
C) / content validity.
D) / neural plasticity.
E) / factor analysis.
18. / A test has a high degree of validity if it
A) / measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure or predict.
B) / yields consistent results every time it is used.
C) / produces a normal distribution of scores.
D) / has been standardized on a representative sample of all those who are likely to take the test.
E) / assesses aptitude and achievement accurately.
19. / Achievement tests are designed to
A) / measure the desire and potential capacity to successfully meet challenges.
B) / assess ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
C) / compare an individual's personality with those of highly successful people.
D) / assess learned knowledge or skills.
E) / measure capacity to learn.
20. / Spearman referred to the general capacity that may underlie all of a person's specific mental abilities as
A) / IQ.
B) / heritability.
C) / the g factor.
D) / factor analysis.
E) / emotional intelligence.
21. / Georg often acts on impulse, without taking time to consider the consequences. A psychoanalyst would suggest that Georg shows signs of a
A) / strong ego.
B) / strong superego.
C) / weak id.
D) / weak ego.
E) / strong collective unconscious.
22. / When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his
A) / superego.
B) / collective unconscious.
C) / ego.
D) / id.
E) / Oedipus complex.
23. / The psychologist who disagreed with Spearman about the nature of intelligence, identifying seven clusters of primary mental abilities rather than one general intelligence factor, was
A) / Howard Gardner.
B) / L. L. Thurstone.
C) / Robert Sternberg.
D) / Kim Peek.
E) / Richard Wagner.
24. / Melissa is unconsciously fearful that her husband is a better cook than she. Recently, she refused his offer to prepare dinner because, said she, “You could better spend the time playing with the kids.” Melissa's comment best illustrates
A) / regression.
B) / projection.
C) / rationalization.
D) / displacement.
E) / reaction formation.
25. / In suggesting that the mind is mostly hidden, Freud was most clearly emphasizing the importance of the
A) / inferiority complex.
B) / instincts.
C) / unconscious.
D) / psychosexual stages.
E) / internal locus of control.
26. / Postmortem brain analyses reveal that highly educated people have ______when they die than do their less educated counterparts.
A) / less neural plasticity
B) / more synapses
C) / less gray matter
D) / more reification
E) / larger neurons
27. / Shortly after receiving a traffic ticket for speeding, Fred made numerous hostile comments to his wife about the incompetence of women drivers. Fred's comments illustrate most clearly the defense mechanism of
A) / reaction formation.
B) / rationalization.
C) / identification.
D) / displacement.
E) / repression.
28. / Five-year-old Benjy has an IQ of 120 on the original version of the Stanford-Binet. His mental age is
A) / 4.
B) / 6.
C) / 8.
D) / 9.
E) / 12.
29. / The Stanford-Binet, WAIS, and WISC tests are all types of
A) / personality tests.
B) / factor analysis tests.
C) / achievement tests.
D) / multiple intelligence tests.
E) / general intelligence tests.
30. / The final exam in a calculus course would be an example of a(n) ______test.
A) / aptitude
B) / achievement
C) / standardized
D) / general intelligence
E) / diagnostic
31. / Ego is to id as ______is to ______.
A) / unconscious; conscious
B) / biology; morality
C) / reality principle; pleasure principle
D) / regression; repression
E) / external locus of control; internal locus of control
32. / Terror-management theory emphasizes that anxiety is triggered by an awareness of one's
A) / impending death.
B) / erogenous zones.
C) / reciprocal determinism.
D) / unconditional positive regard.
E) / unconscious fixations.
33. / According to Freud, the part of personality that represents our sense of right and wrong and our ideal standards is the
A) / Oedipus complex.
B) / ego.
C) / id.
D) / superego.
E) / collective unconscious.
34. / The process by which people learn a sense of personal control or personal helplessness has been most strongly emphasized by the
A) / psychoanalytic perspective.
B) / trait perspective.
C) / humanistic perspective.
D) / social-cognitive perspective.
E) / psychodynamic perspective.
35. / Self-fulfilling expectations are most likely to be triggered by
A) / the Flynn effect.
B) / factor analysis.
C) / savant syndrome.
D) / stereotype threat.
E) / aptitude testing.
36. / One-year-old Melissa derives great pleasure from putting everything she touches in her mouth—toys, balls, Mom's keys, for example. Freud would have suggested that Melissa is going through the ______stage of development.
A) / phallic
B) / anal
C) / genital
D) / latency
E) / oral
37. / Projection refers to the process by which people
A) / consciously express feelings that are the opposite of underlying unconscious impulses.
B) / disguise unacceptable, unconscious impulses by attributing them to others.
C) / retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of an earlier stage of development.
D) / offer self-justifying explanations in place of real, but unacceptable, unconscious reasons for action.
E) / repress unacceptable impulses into the unconscious mind.
38. / Although Camile has detailed memories of her high school experiences, she remembers very little about the boyfriend who abruptly broke off their marriage engagement. According to psychoanalytic theory, it appears that Camile is using the defense mechanism of
A) / reaction formation.
B) / regression.
C) / repression.
D) / displacement.
E) / projection.
39. / The widespread improvement in intelligence test performance during the past century is called
A) / the normal curve.
B) / stereotype threat.
C) / the g factor.
D) / standardization.
E) / the Flynn effect.
40. / Molly has just taken a test of her capacity to learn to be a computer programmer. This is an example of a(n) ______test.
A) / validity
B) / achievement
C) / interest
D) / aptitude
E) / factor analysis
41. / The heritability of intelligence refers to
A) / the extent to which an individual's intelligence is attributable to genetic factors.
B) / the percentage of variation in intelligence within a group that is attributable to genetic factors.
C) / the extent to which a group's intelligence is attributable to genetic factors.
D) / a general underlying intelligence factor that is measured by every task on an intelligence test.
E) / the extent to which the environment plays a role in the intelligence of biologically related siblings.
42. / Five-year-old Wilbur performs on an intelligence test at a level characteristic of an average 4-year-old. Wilbur's mental age is
A) / 4.
B) / 4.5.
C) / 5.
D) / 80.
E) / 125.
43. / The WAIS was designed for testing ______intelligence, whereas the WISC was designed for testing ______intelligence.
A) / practical; creative
B) / analytical; emotional
C) / adults'; children's
D) / Europeans'; North Americans'
E) / interpersonal; intrapersonal
44. / The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations is known as
A) / divergent thinking.
B) / neural plasticity.
C) / intelligence.
D) / validation.
E) / aptitude.
45. / The MMPI is an example of a(n)
A) / projective test.
B) / personality inventory.
C) / inkblot test.
D) / self-esteem test.
E) / humanistic test.
46. / Which perspective on human personality emphasizes reciprocal determinism?
A) / psychoanalytic
B) / social-cognitive
C) / trait
D) / humanistic
E) / functionalist
47. / Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as
A) / the spotlight effect.
B) / unconditional positive regard.
C) / self-actualization.
D) / free association.
E) / self-esteem needs.
48. / MRI scans reveal correlations of about ______between people's brain size (adjusted for body size) and their intelligence scores.
A) / –.05
B) / +.15
C) / +.33
D) / +.67
E) / –.45
49. / Because intelligence is defined according to the attributes that enable success in a culture, psychologists consider intelligence to be
A) / neurologically determined.
B) / socially constructed.
C) / based on brain structure.
D) / a form of neural plasticity.
E) / genetically predetermined.
50. / To identify a relatively small number of the most basic personality traits, trait theorists have used
A) / projective tests.
B) / free association.
C) / the MMPI.
D) / factor analysis.
E) / social-cognitive theory.
51. / Robert Sternberg distinguished among analytical, creative, and ______intelligence.
A) / spatial
B) / musical
C) / practical
D) / interpersonal
E) / emotional
52. / Alfred Adler was a neo-Freudian who coined the term
A) / oral fixation.
B) / reciprocal determinism.
C) / inferiority complex.
D) / unconditional positive regard.
E) / unconscious.
53. / People who break speed limits tend to think that many others do the same. This best illustrates
A) / the spotlight effect.
B) / self-transcendence.
C) / the false consensus effect.
D) / unconditional positive regard.
E) / external locus of control.
54. / The famous test introduced by Hermann Rorschach asks test-takers to respond to
A) / frightening pictures.
B) / ambiguous stories.
C) / meaningless inkblots.
D) / incomplete sentences.
E) / objective questions.
55. / Binet used the term mental age to refer to
A) / the average chronological age of children who completed a particular grade in school.
B) / the years of formal education successfully completed by a child.
C) / the total number of items correctly answered on an intelligence test divided by the respondent's chronological age.
D) / the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of intelligence test performance.
E) / the approximate maturational age of brain neurons as measured by processing speed.
56. / Carl Jung referred to a shared reservoir of memory traces from our species history as the
A) / self-reference phenomenon.
B) / defense mechanism.
C) / collective unconscious.
D) / psychosexual stages.
E) / external locus of control.
57. / Free association is central to the process of
A) / factor analysis.
B) / self-serving bias.
C) / psychoanalysis.
D) / reciprocal determinism.
E) / unconditional positive regard.
58. / Parents who disguise hostility toward their children by becoming overly protective of them are very likely using the defense mechanism of
A) / projection.
B) / regression.
C) / rationalization.
D) / reaction formation.
E) / displacement.
59. / Personality is best defined as an individual's
A) / characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
B) / most noticeable characteristics.
C) / biologically inherited temperament.
D) / hidden thoughts and emotions.
E) / unconscious thoughts and feelings.
60. / If a test yields consistent results every time it is used, it has a high degree of
A) / standardization.
B) / predictive validity.
C) / reliability.
D) / content validity.
E) / heritability.
61. / Terman's observations of 1500 California children with IQ scores over 135 contradicted the popular notion that intellectually gifted children are typically
A) / socially maladjusted.
B) / physically healthy.
C) / verbally skilled.
D) / in a different world.
E) / not empathic.
62. / Twenty-five-year-old Alexandra is mentally handicapped and can neither read nor write. However, after hearing lengthy, unfamiliar, and complex musical selections just once, she can reproduce them precisely on the piano. It is likely that Alexandra is
A) / gifted with a superior level of Spearman's g factor.
B) / demonstrating a high level of emotional intelligence.
C) / above average in her capacity for inductive reasoning.
D) / someone with savant syndrome.
E) / high in emotional intelligence.
63. / Research on the determinants of intelligence indicates that
A) / concern over the nature-nurture issue has declined significantly during the past 10 years.
B) / both genes and environment have some influence on intelligence scores.
C) / there are no scientific methods for answering the nature-nurture question for a particular range of individuals or situations.
D) / there is no relationship between people's position on the nature-nurture issue and their social or political attitudes.
E) / environmental influences outweigh any genetic influence there may be on intelligence levels.
64. / Mr. Dutoit was asked by his psychotherapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. Mr. Dutoit was most likely taking the
A) / TAT.
B) / Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
C) / MMPI.
D) / Rorschach test.
E) / Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.
65. / A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as
A) / fixation.
B) / free association.
C) / factor analysis.
D) / hypnosis.
E) / projection.
66. / For the original version of the Stanford-Binet, IQ was defined as
A) / mental age multiplied by 100.
B) / chronological age subtracted from mental age and multiplied by 100.
C) / chronological age divided by mental age and multiplied by 100.
D) / mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100.
E) / mental age multiplied by chronological age divided by 100.
67. / One component of emotional intelligence involves
A) / the ability to completely forget emotionally traumatic experiences.
B) / a lack of concern about receiving social approval.
C) / predicting accurately when feelings are about to change.
D) / selectively focusing attention on positive thoughts and feelings.
E) / repressing unwanted, hostile emotions.
68. / Which of the following is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?
A) / genital, latency, phallic, anal, oral
B) / anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital
C) / oral, genital, phallic, latency, anal
D) / phallic, anal, oral, genital, latency
E) / oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
69. / Aptitude tests are specifically designed to
A) / predict ability to learn a new skill.
B) / compare an individual's abilities with those of highly successful people.
C) / assess learned knowledge or skills.
D) / assess the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
E) / measure educational achievement.
70. / Freud emphasized that the ego operates on the ______principle.
A) / pleasure
B) / self-actualization
C) / reality
D) / self-transcendence
E) / denial

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