UNIT V–The Tasks of Leadership (8 hours)
- The Role of Leadership: Pre and Post Independence
- Derek Walcott
- Arthur Lewis
- Edna Manley
- Marcus Garvey
- Norman Manley
- Eric Williams
- Bob Marley
- Grantley Adams
- Fidel Castro
- Michael Manley
- Edward Seaga
- Buzz Butler
- Robert Bradshaw
Major ideological movements and their leaders to the development of their respective territories in the region
Do by yourself
- Edna Manley
- Bob Marley
- Edward Seaga
Derek Walcott
St. Lucia - Drama
Walcott has been an assiduous traveler to other countries but has always, not least in his efforts to create an indigenous drama, felt himself deeply-rooted in Caribbean society with its cultural fusion of African, Asiatic and European elements.
For many years, he has divided his time between Trinidad, where he has his home as a writer, and Boston University, where he teaches literature and creative writing.
Aurthur Lewis
Capitalism
Schooled in London and St. Lucia
Business Administration and Law
Ideology
Industrialization by Invitation
Caribbean countries lacked the finances and the specialist skill to shift from an agragarian society to an industrialized one.
In order to develop the industrial sector, there was a need to invite foreign industrialists to establish operations so that local capitalists could be taught the `tricks of the trade'
(i.e., industrialisation by invitation).
Having learnt the `tricks', local industrialists would be able to take over the drive for greater industrialization in the region.
Marcus Garvey
Black Nationalism
Pan Africanism
Self educated
Printer Apprentice
Moderate British socialism
Norman Manley
exposure to racism (while serving in the British army) and the ideas of democracy and freedom
influenced by but Bustamante was an ideological conservative who was anti-socialist and later resorted to the ‘communist scare’ in his election campaigns against the PNP. Incidentally, the American FBI reported in the 1940's that Norman Manley’s wife, Edna Manley, was a communist although she was far from being one. Bustamante too, showed signs of a complex about his identity.
His past travels and early life remain very mysterious but he tried to cultivate the idea that he was of Spanish or Hispanic background, hence his change of name from Clarke to Bustamante.
People’s National Party (Jamaica)
self government
democratic political system
social and economic structures, multiracial tolerance and greater class equality.
Plantation society had to be changed-political parties to bring political education to the people.
after the 1938 riotsits disappointment with the Moyne Commission’s recommendations,
land, jobs and welfare for the people education and ultimately for self-government.
Eric Williams
Trinidad 1962-1981
Democracy
Admired
Marx and Shakespeare writings
He was driven by the need to succeed to prove to himself and the colonials that had ability.
Eric Williams won in 1962
Educated in Trinidad and England
Studied history and economics
Taught in Washington DC
Pro vice Chancellor at UWI
Eric Williams believed that slavery made England a great industrial nation, a system which had produced great wealth from cheap sugar, but not great wealth for the colonies; a system which had produced blood, sweat and tears for the African slaves. Slave labour was a precursor for modern capitalism. By using slave labour, Europe accumulated enough capital to invest in large-scale industries.
The traditional agricultural economy was replaced by one dominated by machinery and manufacturing, made possible through technical advances such as the steam engine. This transferred the balance of political power from the landowner to the industrial capitalist (for example, a factory owner) and created an urban working class. When steam machines were used Britain relied less on humans and more on machine. In addition they made more money from manufactured good than slave trade. So slavery ended because of economic reasons instead of humanitarian reasons.
Capitalism is different from slavery but historically linked.
He wanted to drive the colonial power from the British West Indies, and to foster and encourage the idea that the tiny, unstable islands could join together in some sort of political union. In other words he was already thinking of a federation of the West Indies.
He formed the new party the Peoples’ National Movement.
Won nine months later,
Williams swept the poll at the elections, winning 13 seats out of 24 and forming the government.
He pressed for independence and fought for a federation of the West Indies. When Jamaica withdrew from the Federation so did Trinidad and Tobago.
He achieved independence on August 31, 1962.
He governed under a simple Independence constitution,
1976 -, established a republican constitution for this country, making it a sovereign state.
died March 29, 1981, he passed away.
Grantley Adams
Democracy
Barbados
Schooled in Barbados and London
lawyer
Prime Minister of the West Indies Federation, from 1958 to 1962
Premier of Barbados( Leader before independence)
His leadership failed in attempts to form unions like the BWU
supporter of the monarchy
opponents used as evidence that he was no longer in touch with the needs of his country.
Although he supported the monarchy, He and his political party demanded more rights for the poor
Honoured
- The Grantley Adams International Airport,
- A statue in honour of Adams is located in front of Government Headquarters at Bay Street, St. Michael.
- Adams is also one of Barbados' National Heroes.
- second Prime Minister following independence,
Fidel Castro
Cuba 1959-2007
Lawyer
Schooled in Cuba
Travelled to US
Mother a helper
Communism
Marxism
Cuba
Marxism/Socialism/Communism
Fidel Castro 1959 -2007
ARGUMENTS FOR:
Universal literacy and a good education for all with one teacher for every 10 Cuban students, compared with one per 15 in the United States.
Excellent free healthcare system which attracts patients from the US and elsewhere for treatments ranging from drug dependency to melanomas, generating more than $40m in revenue. Infant mortality is lower than America's and Cuba has twice as many doctors per 1,000 patients as the US.
There is very little serious crime.
A rich sporting life in schools with promising children given the chance to become well-rewarded professional athletes and emulate the efforts of their world-renowned Olympic medal-winners and sporting stars.
There are few neon signs and advertising billboards, no McDonalds and no foreign newspapers or satellite TV except in the grander hotels.
ARGUMENTS AGAINST:
Grinding poverty where half the population survive on less than $1 a day. Good gardeners in Miami can make $20 an hour.
A pitiful transport system. Perfectly adequate roads served by a completely inadequate public transport which leaves the verges lined with desperate hitchhikers spending hours to accomplish quite short and simple journeys.
Repressive regime which has at least 400 political dissidents imprisoned for up to 20 years. Homosexuals are severely harassed. Restrictions on freedom of speech, assembly and movement.
Being obliged to listen to the Great Leader's notoriously interminable speeches. Castro holds the UN record for the longest speech in the General Assembly - 4hrs 29min - though people at home were surprised at his brevity. His last domestic speech was a mere 150min long, prompting rumours that he must be ill.
Michael Manley- Jamaica
Schooled in London and Jamaica
Role in formation of CARICOM and ACS
Ideology of NIEO
Access to parliament by poor
Land reform
Welfare benefits
Minimum wage
State and people own means of production
Pro nationalism
1972. problems of unemployment and inflation increased, JLP party infighting, corruption, and weak government.
1972-1980, Michael Manley, Michael was a charismatic leader, but also a socialist, and quickly began leading the PNP back toward its socialist roots, which his father had abandoned for political reasons in the 1950s.
He increased welfare benefits, but also cultivated friendships with Cuba's Fidel Castro.
In 1974 the government announced its conversion to socialismand in 1976 2nd election, Manley began to seize and nationalize Jamaica's largest businesses, but some private companies survived.
Among the nationalized companies were bauxite mines; those that weren't nationalized were taxed heavily.
1975 Manley actually visited Castro in Cuba.
1989 lost to JLP as Seaga capitalized on Manley’s radical rhetoric and caused a wedge between Manley and US.
He won again in 1989 to 1990 continued Seaga’s style.
Trinidad
Uriah “Buzz” butler
Toward the end of 1946, there was a flare-up of industrial unrest in the country, and this unrest was attributed to butler. The unrest reached crisis proportions when on January 22, 1947, followers of Butler who had crowded into Port-of-Spain, stormed the Red House. Port-of-Spain dock workers as well as public service worker were on strike, while in the oilfields the situation was critical, with rioting on the streets. The Carnival, which was scheduled to take place on February 17 & 18, barely escaped being banned. Butler continued his industrial agitation and did not turn away from the political fray.
He formed the Butler party and at the general elections of 1950, he of course fought in the oil belt and duly won the seat to represent St. Patrick West in the Legislative Council. His part won six seats, against two each by the other three parties, and there were six Independents. He retained his seat at the following general elections in 1956 but suffer another crushing electoral defeat in the general elections of 1961, the support he gained by his agitation for the workers in 1937 had worn off. Eric Williams won and became prime minister
However, when the country gained independence in 1962, Butler's contribution as a labor leader, and his reputation as a fighter for the masses took on special significance. He was regarded as a hero of the people, and in fact, he was seen as the man who struck the first damaging blow against colonialism, thus giving courage to the fighters for independence.
In recognition of this, Butler was in 1970 decorated with the country's highest award, the Trinity Cross. But the greatest tribute of all came in 1973, when the anniversary of the oilfield riots, June 19, was declared an annual national holiday and celebrated as Labour Day. Butler died on February 20, 1977. The former Princess Margaret Highway has since been renamed.
Robert Bradshaw
Common agitator
St. Kitts-Nevis
Circumstances
poor family. / witnessed cruel, inhuman and unjust treatment of workers on estate.
As a boy he once accidentally came upon an estate document that showed the large profits that were being made while employers were telling workers they couldn’t afford to grant wage increases. This developed his interest in unionism.
Blacksmith
Machine apprentice
As a young worker he later joined a union strike for seven weeks and was fired after. By 1944, at the age of 28, he became president of a union.
In 1966 he became Chief Minister, and in 1967 the first Premier of St. Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla, now an associated state of Britain.
Under his leadership, all sugar lands as well as the central sugar factory were bought by the government.
Opposition to Bradshaw's rule began to build, especially by the families of former estate owners, who founded the People's Action Movement party in 1964.
What set these leaders apart from other workers was that they were literate, did some travelling and gained knowledge about working conditions in other countries, and had personalities that made them courageous enough to speak out.
They also encouraged each other. After leading strikes in Grenada in 1951, Robert Bradshaw addressed meetings in Grenada in support of Gairy.
Uriah Butler of Trinidad and Bustamante of Jamaica sent messages to support Gairy.