CBSE-i
CLASS-X, HISTROY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
UNIT III PATH TO MODERNIZATION
UNIT MATRIX
Contents and specified topics to be covered / Specific Learning objectivesKnowledge / Comprehension / Analysis / Application / Skill
Industrial Revolution: Factors responsible / List the factors responsible for Industrial revolution. / Explain the meaning of Industrial Revolution / Relate the factors with those times / Describe the factors
Focus on England: The First country to be industrialized. / Identify the reasons for industrialization in England / Summarize the various inventions / Relate the inventions with the inventors / Describe the contribution of various inventors
Impact of Industrial Revolution on England / State the impact of Industrial revolution on England / Distinguish between the positive and negative effects / Point out the impact on the workers / Summarize the impact
Impact of Industrial Revolution on the world / Acquire information of countries of the world / Interpret the impact on the world / Identify the concept of Socialism and Capitalism
1
CBSE-i
CLASS-X, HISTROY
TEACHERS’ MANUAL
CONTENTS- Industrial Revolution: Factors responsible
- Focus on England:
Impact of Industrial Revolution on England
Impact of Industrial Revolution on the world
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The unit will enable learners to:
- Understand and acknowledge the need to industrialize.
- Critically analyse the factors responsible for the emergence of industrial revolution.
- Acquaint them with the system of production in Europe.
- Investigate the reasons why England became the first country to be industrialized.
- Evaluate the impact of industrial revolution on England and on the world.
- Draw a link between industrial revolution and modernization.
SCOPE
The transformation of the industry and the economy in Britain between the 1780’s and 1850’s is called the First Industrial Revolution. This had far reaching effects in Britain.Later similar changes occurred in the European countries and the USA. This phase of industrial development in Britain is strongly associated with new machinery and technologies. These made it possible to produce goods on a massive scale compared to handicrafts and handloom industries. This chapter outlines the changes in the cotton and Iron industries. Steam, a new source of power began to be used on a wide scale in British industries. This led to the faster forms of transportation by ships and railways. It led to greater prosperity for some time in initial stages, later it was linked with poor living and working conditions of millions of people, including women and children. This sparked off protests, which forced the government enact laws for regulating conditions of work.
- This unit will enable the students to understand and acknowledge England’s need for industrialization.
- It will help the students to critically analyze the factors responsible for the emergence of the Industrial Revolution.
- It will acquaint the learners with the system of production in Europe.
A variety of activities and worksheets have been incorporated in this unit to enhance the comprehension and analytical skills of the students. The purpose behind these worksheets is to make learning interesting and interactive. Learning objectives have been suggested. Broad parameters have also been discussed. Every activity has been linked in continuity with the chapter.
ORIGIN OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a significant impact on the conditions of people of that time. The phrase ‘Industrial Revolution’ was coined by French Economist, August Blanqui in 1837 to denote the economic and social changes arising out of the transition from industries carried in home with simple machines to industries in factories with power driven machines –especially such changes in Britain , the first country to be industrialized.
Before the Industrial Revolution, manual labour was the basis of most production. This tended to keep the supply amount small and so the market reach was also limited. Even when this progressed to the use of animal-powered vehicles, there was not a significant improvement in the scale of production. The invention of the steam engine marked the first major shift in increasing rates of production.
The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. Industrial Revolution led to many changes in the economy and society of Britain in late 18th and19th century. There was a significant increase in all kinds, but especially in textiles, iron goods, metal wares, pottery etc. There was a migration of working population to live and work in towns and cities. Population growth was sustained because the economy was expanding. There were significant improvements in the organization and technologies of production of manufactured goods and raw materials such as coal and iron ore which led to an increase in productivity. Many industrial sectors specially textile and iron making adopted revolutionary new technologies of production which not only raised productivity but also led to lowering of prices. By the later 18th century, the British economy could experience as a major pioneer in industrializing nation. The era of Industrial revolution was turbulent and volatile. Under the impact of war, markets were constantly changing. Opportunities expanded but risks were higher as commercial information was poor and business conditions were unpredictable. Starting in the later part of the 18th century, there began a transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual labour and draft-animal–based economy towards machine-based manufacturing. It started with the mechanization of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways.
The First Industrial Revolution, which began in the 18th century, merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850. The period of time covered by the Industrial Revolution varies with different historians. Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies. Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants.
FACTORS FOR INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:
- Modern work attitudes were developed as there was urbanization; people started moving from rural areas to towns and cities in search of new opportunities.
- Manchester, a cotton growing area grew rapidly after the invention of Steam engine. Many mills were built for the workers.
- Abundant supply of water and coal power for powering industrial machines. Coal was available near iron ore deposits and had a good market.
- Abundant supply of iron ore – Iron was the building material for machines, ships and trains.
- Navigable rivers helped totransport raw materials and industrial output within a country.
- Harbors for International trade of raw materials and industrial output were available.
- Increase in population in the 18th century meant more food and goods for the people. So people had to find ways to increase the production.
- New inventions and discoveries changed the way of production in farms and factories. So production increased rapidly.
- Feudalism in Europe ended which meant the old privileges of the first class stopped. The middle classes could earn more money as they could trade openly and freely.
- The growing accumulation of capital, as well as the increased store of raw materials which new era of exploitation had opened up, broadened the opportunities for output on a large scale.
PHASES OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
In the first phase, the expansion of commerce which resulted from building of colonial empires overseas created a greater demand for the manufactured goods in exchange for the commodities produced by the colonies other distant lands. At the same time, the growing accumulation of capitalas well as the increased store of raw materials which new area of exploitation had opened up, broadened opportunities for output on a large scale. This enlargement of the economic horizon showed shrewd men unlimited opportunities for money making if production could be increased.
In the second phase, there had been a steady accumulation of scientific knowledge in the last two centuries. This led to the important inventions and discoveries. These inventions accelerated major changes in agriculture, mining, transportation, and technology.
In the third phase, the coming of industrial revolution was greatly facilitated by the establishment of a considerable degree of political freedom and the breakup of the medieval guild system in industry and of the feudal system of land-tenure. This was accompanied in Britain by the revolution of seventeenth century, and in Europe by the French Revolution and the changes spread abroad by Napoleonic conquests.
Refer Worksheet No. 1Agriculture and Industrialization
The invention of machine played a big role in agricultural development. The seed drill invented by Jethro Tull’s in 1701 and iron plough invented by Joseph Foljambe’s Rotherham in 1730 and threshing machine invented in 1984 by Andrew Meikle led to agricultural development. Development in science helped to improve the crops production. Crop rotation fertilizers, irrigation pesticides and other new methods helped in the progress of agriculture.Today, improved plant and livestock breeding through genetic engineering, promise to continue the revolution well into the future.
England's agricultural revolution came as a result of increased attention to fertilizers, the adoption of new crops and farming technologies, and the enclosure movement. In order for these "high farmers" to make the most efficient use of the land, they had to manage the fields as they saw fit. This was, of course, impossible under the three field system which had dominated English and European agriculture for centuries. Since farmers, small and large, held their property in long strips, they had to follow the same rules of cultivation. The local parish or village determined what ought to be planted. In the end, the open-field system of crop rotation was an obstacle to increased agricultural productivity. The solution was to enclose the land, and this meant enclosing entire villages. Landlords knew that the peasants would not give up their land voluntarily, so they appealed by petition to Parliament, a difficult and costly adventure at best. The first enclosure act was passed in 1710 but was not enforced until the 1750s. In the ten years between 1750 and 1760, more than 150 acts were passed and between 1800 and 1810, Parliament passed more than 900 acts of enclosure. While enclosure ultimately contributed to an increased agricultural surplus, necessary to feed a population that would double in the 18th century, it also brought disaster to the countryside. Peasants were dispossessed of their land and were now forced to find work in the factories which began springing up in towns and cities.
Economic and social conditions in that country were particularly favourable for the beginning of the movement there in the middle of the Eighteenth century. Britain’s natural resources, an abundance of Coal and Iron ore enabled the country to out –distance her continental rival, after the introduction of iron smelting by coal instead of Charcoal and widespread use of steam power. The humid climate of Britain was ideal for cotton spinning.
Then Britain had achieved a higher degree of national unity and political stability than other European countries. She enjoyed security of an island position and naval power, an absence of internal customs barriers and medieval economic restrictions, and a general readiness to invest in commerce and industry.
Britain had advanced further than other nations in the organization of capitalism; it had strong banking system and an abundance of capital, seeking profitable investment.
The disorder on the Continent, attending the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars delayed the acceptance of the Industrial Revolution in France, Germany and other countries.
Industrial England, Early 19th Century
(Source:
INVENTIONS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:
In the industrial world three features are conspicuous: The number and variety of inventions, the substitution of machinery for human power, the transition to organized production on a large scale. These affected specially the textile trades, mining, iron and steel and hardware, and then relatively every form of manufacture.
Textile Industry:
An early aspect of Industrial Revolution was the invention of new techniques which were mainly labour saving devices demanded by the limited skilled or semi-skilled labour force then available to manufacturers. The net effect of these inventions was to multiply manifold the amount of cloth that could be made by a given group of workers.
Flying Shuttle-John Kay
(Source: tqn.com/d/inventors)
In 1733, John Kay invented the flying shuttle, an improvement to looms that enabled weavers to weave faster. By using a flying shuttle, a single weaver could produce a wide piece of cloth. The original shuttle contained a bobbin on to which the weft (weaving term for the crossways yarn) yarn was wound. It was normally pushed from one side of the warp (weaving term for the series of yarns that extended lengthways in a loom) to the other side by hand. Before, the flying shuttle wide looms needed two or more weavers to throw the shuttle. The flying shuttle effectively doubled a weaver’s production of cloth. The automation of making textiles (fabrics, clothing, etc.) marked the beginning of the industrial revolution.
Spinning Jenny - James Hargreaves
(Source: inventors.about.com)
In 1764, a British carpenter and weaver named James Hargreaves invented an improved spinning jenny, a hand-powered multiple spinning machine that was the first machine to improve upon the spinning wheel. James Hargreaves decreased the need for labour. The only drawback was that his machine produced thread that was too coarse to be used for warp threads. Despite this shortcoming, over 20,000 machines were in use in position by 1778.
Water Frame- Richard Arkwright
(Source: sciencemuseum.org)
In 1764, Richard Arkwright created the “water frame” to the machine was able to produce strong threat. ‘The water frame’ is the name given to the spinning frame, when water power is used to drive it.Richard Arkwrightis the one who patented the technology in 1769. It was based on an invention by Thomas Highs and the patent was later overturned.
Spinning Mule – Samuel Crompton
In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule that combined the moving carriage of the spinning jenny with the rollers of the water frame. It was called as “Crompton’s mule”. The spinning mule gave the spinner great control over the weaving process; many different types of yarn could be produced was fine and strong. It was improved upon by William Horrocks, known for his invention of the variable speed baton in 1813. (Source: boltonmuseums.org.)
Power Loom- Edward Cartwright
(Source: .leclerclooms.com)
Power loom is a mechanized loom powered by a line shaft. The first power loom was designed in 1784 by Edmund Cartwright and first built and patented in 1785. It was refined over the next 47 years until a design by Ken worthy and Bullough, made the operation completely automatic. This was known as the Lancashire Loom.
By 1850 there were 260,000 power looms in operation in England. Fifty years later came the Northrop Loom that would replenish the shuttle when it was empty and this replaced the Lancashire loom.
Cotton mill, the creation of the first modern factories in the world in the 1770 and 1780s, which grew out of the putting system of cottage production, the improvement and growth of the textile industry, was a key development in Britain’s industrialization. Textile industry introduced the factory system. The machines were used to process the raw product and produce fabric. The making of cloth became faster and could be produced on a large scale. Their output improved the country’s economy.
Refer Worksheet No. 2TIME LINE PROVIDING AN OVERVIEW OF THE INVENTIONS OF THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
1733
1742
1764
1769
1770
1773
1779 1779
1785
1787
.
1789
1790
1792
1804
1813
185
1856
ACTIVITY 2Wall Magazine
The teacher can divide the class into 4 groups and ask the students to collect pictures of the following inventions and write ups: articles , poems, riddles, autobiographies etc
- Power loom
- Spinning Jenny
- Spinning Mule
- Water Frame
- Flying Shuttle
Refer Worksheet No. 3
Coal, Iron and Steel
Steam engines-
Coal mining developed during the Industrial Revolution.Coal was the primary source of energy for industry and transportation. Early in this Eighteenth century Abraham Darby and his son made experiments in the substitution of coke (made from coal) for charcoal (from wood) for reduction of Iron ore. In 1760 John Smeaton improved the Darby process by addition of a water power driven air blast that improved the quality and yield of coke.
The first users of steam engines were the Coal and Iron industries. They were destined to be the basic industries in the new age of machinery. As early as 1720, many steam engines were in operation. In coal mines they pumped out the water which usually flooded the deep shafts. In the Iron industry they pumped water to create the draft in blast furnaces. By the second half of 20th century coal was replaced in domestic, industrial and transportation usage by oil, natural gas, nuclear power or renewable energy sources.
The Iron industry benefited also from other early inventions of the 18th century. Iron was scarce and costly, and production was falling off because England's forests could not supply enough charcoal for smelting the ore. Ironmasters had long been experimenting with coal as a fuel for smelting. Finally the Darby family, after three generations of effort, succeeded with coal that had been transformed into coke. This created a new demand for coal and laid the foundation for the British coal industry. The next great steps were taken in the 1780s, when Henry Cart developed the processes of paddling and rolling. Paddling produced nearly pure malleable iron. Hand in hand with the adoption of the new inventions went the rapid development of the factory system of manufacture. The industrial revolution could not have developed without coal and iron.