Unit V: Test Review
*It will benefit you to look for these terms, concepts, and themes in the Redbook and in Barron’s.
*Finally, this list is meant to serve as a guide. Make sure you keep up with your reading and study your notes.
Overview:
During the second half of the eighteenth century, an intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment, characterized by ideals of reform and challenge to traditional authority, captured the imagination of the reading public. The literary figures of the Enlightenment, better known as philosophes, sought to apply the rules of rationality and reason to most political and social institutions. They believed that, like nature, society operated according to natural laws and that these natural laws could be discovered and applied to humanity and social institutions. While their theories for political and social reform differed, the primary goal of the philosophes was improvement of the human condition.
Inspired by the ideas of the Enlightenment, the growing middle class of France (bourgeoisie) began to demand political power and social status. The new belief that all men had basic, inalienable rights was critical to their demands. Political reform, however, did not come peacefully. The French Revolution meant the end of the Old Regime and privilege based on birth and social class. Wealth and property, in all forms, were the new measuring stick of political power and social status.
The political instability that followed the French Revolution forced the new government to rely on the army to keep order. This allowed Napoleon to rise to power and eventually declare himself emperor of France. Before he was done, Napoleon controlled most of the European continent. More importantly, Napoleon’s conquests spread the ideas and the values of the Enlightenment and stimulated what would become the two most powerful political forces of the nineteenth century: liberalism and nationalism. Wherever he ruled and the Napoleonic Code was enforced, heredity social distinctions were abolished, peasants were freed from serfdom and manorial dues, and established churches lost their traditional independence and made subordinate to the state. Napoleon effectively ended the Old Regime.
Toward the end of the eighteenth century, the intellectual movement known as Romanticism spread throughout Europe. Romanticism grew out of criticism of the rationalism of the Enlightenment. Romantic thinkers and writers appealed to the inner emotions of humankind and saw the imagination supplanting reason as means of perceiving and understanding the world. Romanticism also glorified both the individual person and individual cultures. By emphasizing the worth of each separate people, romantic ideas made a major contribution to the emergence of nationalism.
1. major characteristics of the Enlightenment
2. formative influences of the Enlightenment
3. Britain as model for enlightened thinkers
4. importance of the print culture and public opinion
5. goals of the philosophes
6. philosophes (know their main works): Voltaire, Denis Diderot, David Hume, , Cesare Beccaria, Adam Smith, Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Mary Wollstonecraft
7. enlightened thinkers’ criticisms of religion
8. enlightened thinkers’ solutions to perceived irrationality of religion
9. tenets of Deism
10. positive law v. natural law
11. physiocrats
12. principles of capitalism
13. laissez-faire
14. influence of John Locke on the political thought of the philosophes
15. natural rights
16. political beliefs of Voltaire
17. political beliefs of Montesquieu
18. political beliefs of Rousseau
19. general will
20. function of salons during the Enlightenment
21. Montesquieu’s perception of women
22. domestic sphere v. sphere of citizenship
23. Mary Wollstonecraft
24. Enlightened Absolutism
25. “enlightened” policies of Frederick II, Joseph II, and Catherine the Great
26. territorial expansion of Catherine the Great
27. partitions of Poland
28. crisis of the French Monarchy
29. finance ministers of Louis XVI (Necker, Calonne, and Brienne)
30. structure of the Estates General
31. voting by head v. voting by order
32. cahiers de doleances
33. historical interpretations of the French Revolution
Stage 1 (Revolution of 1789 and the Reconstruction of France)
34. Revolution of 1789 (formation of the National Assembly, The Tennis Court Oath, formation of the National Constituent Assembly, The Storming of the Bastille, The Great Fear, The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen)
35. Marquis de Lafayette and the National Guard
36. role of the populace in redirecting the course of the revolution
37. Bread March of the Parisian Women
38. Reconstruction of France (Constitution of 1791, Constitutional Monarchy, Legislative Assembly, departments, Chapelier Law, Civil Constitution of the Clergy)
39. political, economic, and social policies of the National Constituent Assembly
40. Active v. Passive Citizens
41. civic equality v. social and political equality
42. Olympe de Gouges
43. purpose of assignats
44. Refractory Clergy
45. counterrevolutionary activity (émigrés, flight to Varnnes, Declaration of Pillnitz)
Stage 2 (A Second Revolution—France Becomes a Republic)
46. Jacobins (Girondists v. Mountian)
47. reasons Girondists led the Legislative Assembly to declare war on Austria and Prussia
48. reasons Louis XVI supported the war
49. Paris Commune, September Massacres and the formation of the National Convention
50. goals of the sans-culottes
51. execution of Louis XVI
52. Vendee
53. European Reaction (Edmund Burke and the First Coalition)
Stage 3 (The Reign of Terror)
54. function of the Committee of Public Safety (Robespierre, Danton, and Carnot)
55. levee en masse
56. Republic of Virtue
57. dechristianization and Cult of the Supreme Being
58. fall of Robespierre
Stage 4 (Thermidorian Reaction)
59. White Terror
60. government created by the Constitution of the Year III
61. reasons the French Revolution was considered a victory of the bourgeoisie
62. largest new propertied class to emerge from the revolution
63. reasons the government was not stable
64. early political events that led to Napoleon’s rise (13 Vendemiaire & 18 Fructidor)
65. Napoleon’s early military victories (Treaty of Basel & Treaty of Campo Formio)
66. the Egyptian Campaign and the Second Coalition
67. 19 Brumaire and the formation of the Consulate
68. initial steps taken by Napoleon as First Consul
69. Napoleonic Code
70. reasons the French populace ratified the constitutions making Napoleon consul for life and emperor of France
71. Third Coalition and the Battle of Trafalgar
72. Napoleon’s steps to building an empire (Confederation of the Rhine, Austerlitz, Treaty of Pressburg, Jena and Auerstadt, Friedland, Treaty of Tilsit)
73. objective of the Continental System
74. Napoleon and the spread of liberalism and nationalism
75. problems faced by Napoleon in Prussia, Spain, and Austria
76. Napoleon’s invasion of Russia
77. Last Coalition and the defeat of Napoleon (Leipzig)
78. objectives and results of the Congress of Vienna
79. Quadruple Alliance
80. Napoleon’s return (“The Hundred Days”) and Waterloo
81. characteristics of Romanticism
82. formative influences of Romanticism
83. Romanticism and religion
84. reasons Romanticism fostered nationalism
85 Romantics (know their main works): Rousseau (Emile), Jane Austen, William Wordsworth, methodism, Lord Byron, Jacques Louis David, Ludwig van Beethoven,.Eugene Delacroix, Caspar David Friedrich
Learning Objectives
Influence of Enlightenment/French Revolution
1. INT: Explain the extent of and causes for non-Europeans’ adoption of or resistance to French cultural and political institutions and explain the causes of their reactions. (Old Regime, Enlightenment, slavery)
2. OS: Analyze how and to what extent the Enlightenment encouraged Europeans to understand human behavior, economic activity, and politics as governed by natural laws that diverged from religious beliefs.
3. OS: Explain how European exploration and colonization was facilitated by the development of the scientific method and led to a re-examination of cultural norms.
4. SP: Explain the emergence new theories and practices that stressed the political importance and rights of the individual as an alternative to absolutism. (Locke, Hobbes, Divine right)
5. SP: Trace the ways in which new public venues and print media enhanced the role of public opinion and the development of democratic government. (pamphlets, books, salons, coffeehouses)
Economic
6. PP: Explain how and why wealth generated from new trading, financial, and manufacturing practices and institutions created a market and then a consumer economy. (New economic ideas)
7. SP: Assess the role of total warfare and economic depressions in altering the government’s relationship to the economy, both in overseeing economic activity and in addressing its social impact. (French revolutionary equality and warfare)
Social
8. PP: Explain the role of social inequality and a worldview based on science and reason contributing to and affecting the nature of the French Revolution and subsequent revolutions in the 18th century. (Sc. Rev., Old Regime, French Rev., Napoleon)
9. IS: Evaluate how identities such as ethnicity, race, and class have defined the individual in relationship to society.
10. IS: Assess the extent to which women participated in and benefited from the shifting values of European society from the 15th century onward. (Enlightenment, French Revolution, Napoleonic Era)
11. IS: Analyze how and why Europeans have marginalized certain populations (defined as “other”) over the course of the 17th and 18th century. (women, slavery, religious minorities)
12. SP: Analyze how various movements for political and social equality – such as feminism, slavery, and campaigns for religious minority rights – pressured governments and redefined citizenship.
13. OS: The arts moved from the celebration of religious themes and royal power to an emphasis on private life and the public good. (values of commercial and bourgeois society as well new Enlightenment ideals of political power and citizenship: Jacques Louis David, Jane Austen)
Religion
14. OS: Analyze how religious reform in the 16th and 17th centuries, the expansion of printing, and the emergence of civic venues such as salons and coffeehouses challenged the control of the church over the creation and dissemination of knowledge.
15. OS: Explain how political revolution and war in the 18th and 19th centuries on altered the role of the church in political and intellectual life and the response of religious authorities and intellectuals to such challenges. (French Rev, Napoleon)
16. OS: Explain how and why religion increasingly shifted from a matter of public concern to one of private belief over the course of European history. (Ex. Hume, Voltaire, Diderot views on religion)
17. SP: Trace the changing relationship between states and ecclesiastical (church) authority and the emergence of the principle of religious toleration. (Enlightenment, French Rev., Napoleon, religious minorities)
Romanticism
18. OS: Explain the emergence, spread, and questioning of scientific thought to addressing social problems.
19. OS: Analyze the means by which emotion came to be considered a valid source of knowledge. (Ex. Bach, Romanticism, Rousseau, nationalism)
20. OS: Analyze how artists used strong emotions to express political theorists encouraged emotional identification with the nation.
21. OS: Explain how and why modern artists began to move away from realism and toward abstraction and the nonrational, rejecting traditional aesthetics.(Ex. Friedrich, Delacroix, Beethoven, Wordsworth, Lord Byron, Victor Hugo)
Napoleon
22. SP: Evaluate how the emergence of new tactics, and methods of military organization, changed the scale and cost of warfare, required the centralization of power, and shifted the balance of power. (French rev and Napoleon tactics)
23. SP: Explain how the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars shifted the European balance of power and encouraged the creation of a new diplomatic framework.
24. SP: Explain the role of nationalism in altering the European balance of power. (fraternite, citizen armies, Napoleonic warfare)