UNIT 7 NEW FRANCE

Seven Years War/French and Indian Wars 1754-1763

Causes

Imperialism and territory are the primary causes of the Seven Years War.

Causes / Explanation
Fur Trade / ·  British and French wanted control of the fur trade in the area west of the Rocky Mountains and in the Ohio Valley
Farmland / ·  British/Americans wanted to expand and gain farmland in the area west of the Rocky Mountains and in the Ohio Valley while the French wanted to prevent American settlement into this area
Fishing
Areas / ·  British and French wanted control of the fishing areas in the Atlantic
Strategic
Location / ·  British and French wanted control of Louisbourg, Halifax, and Acadia

Source: Crossroads p.55-57 and Canada Revisited - Chapter Four: Struggle for Control p.61 & 69

Battles

Battles / Description
July 1758
Louisbourg
Siege / ·  capture Louisbourg to gain control of the entrance of St. Lawrence R. and then sail down river to attack Quebec
·  June British bombard the fortress from their ships for about 60 days
·  British land and bombard the fortress
·  Louisbourg surrenders in July
August 1758
Fort Frontenac / ·  British control was necessary to reduce French influence in the Ohio Valley
·  Fort Frontenac is captured in August
November 1758
Fort Duquense / ·  British capture Fort Duquesne in November
Sept 13 1759
Battle on the
Plains of Abraham / ·  General James Wolfe bombards Quebec during July and August
·  July British attempt to land on Beauport shore but fail
·  September 13 British troops land on north shore and use a path at Anse aux Foulons to climb up the cliff to the Plains of Abraham
·  General Montcalm meets British on the Plains of Abraham
·  French charge at British but British fire breaks their ranks and forces French to retreat
·  British win Battle of the Plains of Abraham
·  Wolf and Montcalm die
April 28 1760
Battle of Sainte-Foy
(Second Battle
on the
Plains of Abraham) / ·  French army from Montreal attacks British at Quebec April 28 and force British to retreat into the fortress
·  British reinforcements arrive via St. Lawrence R. and French army retreats to Montreal
Sept 8 1760
Montreal / ·  British army surrounds Montreal and Governor Vaudreuil surrenders
·  British win the war

Source: Canada Revisited - Chapter Four: Struggle for Control p.70-73 and Chapter 2: Struggle for a Continent p.63-67

Short Term Effects/Consequences

Consequences / Description
British
military rule
1760-1763 / ·  British army set up a temporary government > military governors appointed at Quebec, Montreal, Trois Rivieres
·  British military rulers did not make any great changes to life in the colony
·  Jesuits were forced to return to France
·  French businessmen returned to France and were replaced by British merchants mostly from the Thirteen Colonies
·  New France lost its main political, business, and religious leaders
Treaty of Paris 1763 / ·  France returned all of its possessions in New France and Acadia to Britain
·  France kept islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon

Source: Canada Revisited - Chapter Four: Struggle for Control p.78-79 and Chapter 2: Struggle for a Continent p.71

Long Term Effects/Consequences

Royal Proclamation of
1763 / ·  it established a boundary along the Appalachian and recognized first nations title to the lands to the west
·  Catholics not permitted to hold public office (government positions)
·  British laws replaced French laws
§  refer to p.82 Canada Revisited
Quebec Act 1774 / ·  boundaries of Quebec extended
·  government consisted of a governor and appointed council and include French-speaking Catholics
·  Catholic religion protected
·  French language protected
·  French civil law restored
§  refer to p.84 Canada Revisited

Source: Crossroads - Chapter 2: Struggle for a Continent p.73-75 and Canada Revisited - Chapter Four: Struggle for Control p.82 & 84