Unit 6 Microorganisms & Fungi

Ch. 19 Bacteria & Viruses

Bacteria

-Prokaryotes - ______organisms that lack a ______

  • The ______& most ______microorganisms

Classifying Prokaryotes

-______are divided into __ separate ______: ______& ______

-______are surrounded by a cell ______that ______the cell from ______& determines its ______

-______live in extremely ______environments

  • May be found in ______environ. like thick ______& the digestive ______of ______
  • Some live in ______environ. like Utah’s Great ______
  • Others are found in _____ springs where ______approach the ______point of ______

Identifying Prokaryotes

-______are identified by characteristics such as ______, the ______nature of their cell ______, the way they ______, & the way they obtain ______

-Bacilli - ______bacteria

-Cocci - ______bacteria

-Spirilla - ______bacteria

-__ different types of cell ______are found in ______

-______staining is a method used to tell them ______

-______bacteria have a ______wall

-______bacteria have a ______layer

Metabolic Diversity

-Chemoheterotrophs – most ______prokaryotes take in ______molecules for both ______& a supply of ______

  • Includes most ______, even ______

-Photoheterotrophs - ______prokaryotes that are ______, using ______for energy, but also need to take in ______compounds as a ______source

Metabolic Diversity (cont.)

-Photoautotrophs - ______that use ______energy to convert ______& ______to ______compounds & ______

  • Found where ______is plentiful

-Chemoautotrophs - ______that can perform ______

  • Like photoautotrophs, they make ______carbon molecules from ______dioxide
  • However, they do not require ______as a ______source
  • They use ______directly from ______reactions involving ______, ______sulfide, ______, sulfur, or ______

-Obligate aerobes - ______that require a constant supply of ______in order to ______

-Obligate anaerobes - ______that must live in the ______of ______

-Facultative anaerobes - ______that can survive ______or ______oxygen

Growth & Reproduction

-Binary fission – when a ______has ______so that it has nearly ______in size, it ______(copies) its ______& ______in half, producing __ identical “______” cells

-Conjugation – when a hollow ______forms between __ bacterial ______, & ______move from __ cell to ______

-Endospore – a type of ______that is formed when a ______produces a thick internal ______that encloses its ______& a portion of its ______

  • Allows some ______to ______harsh ______like extreme ______, dryness, or lack of ______

Importance of Bacteria

-______are vital to maintaining the ______world

-Some are ______that capture ______by ______

-Others are ______that break down the ______in ______matter & the ______

-Still other ______have ______uses

-Nitrogen fixation – the process of converting ______gas into a form that ______can use

  • Allows ______atoms to continually ______through the ______
  • Certain ______produce ______compounds, ______

-Human Uses:

  • Used to clean up _____ spills because they digest ______
  • Some remove ______products & ______from ______
  • Some synthesize ______& ______in genetic ______
  • Some _____ in the ______intestine, & make ______that the ______cannot produce by ______

What is a Virus?

-Virus – particles of ______acid, ______, & sometimes, ______

-They can ______only by infecting ______cells

-______enter ______cells & use the ______of the ______cell to produce more ______

-A typical ______is composed of a core of _____ or ______surrounded by a ______coat

-Capsid – a virus’s ______coat, it includes ______that enable a ______to enter a ______cell

-Bacteriophages - ______that infect ______

Viral Infection

-In a ______infection, a ______enters a ______, makes ______of itself, & causes the ______to ______

-Lytic infection – when the ______cell is ______, or burst ______, & ______

-In a ______infection, a ______integrates its _____ into the _____ of the ______cell, & the viral ______information ______(copies) along with the ______cell’s ______

-Lysogenic infections – when a ______cell makes ______of the ______, indefinitely

-Prophage – the viral ______embedded in the host’s ______

Retroviruses

-Retroviruses - ______that contain ______as their ______information

-After infecting a ______, they produce a ______copy of their ______(working ______)

-Ex.) ______

Diseases Caused by Bacteria & Viruses

-Pathogens - ______agents

-______can be considered a ______between the ______& the ______

Bacterial Disease in Humans

-______live ____ & ____ our ______, some help us perform essential ______

-However, the ______of pathogenic ______disrupts the body’s ______by ______with its normal ______& producing ______

-______produce ______in __ of __ general ways:

  • They damage the ______& ______of the infected ______by breaking down the ______for ______
  • They release ______(poisons) that ______throughout the ______interfering with the normal ______of the ______

Preventing Bacterial Disease

-Vaccine – a preparation of ______or ______pathogens

  • When ______in the ______, sometimes prompts the ______to produce ______to the ______

-Antibiotics - ______that ______the ______& ______of bacteria

  • Only effective against ______infections

Controlling Bacteria

-There are various ______used to control bacterial ______, including ______, ______, & food ______

Viral Diseases in Humans

-Like ______, ______produce ______by disrupting the ______normal ______

-In many ______infections, ______attack & ______certain ______in the ______, causing the symptoms of ______